He also calculated the tilt axis of the Earth. Tiberias Nyc Reservations, 2006. Each fragment is accompanied by an English translation, a summary, and commentary. He did not use the mythological descriptions that were common at the time, but relied on military texts to carry out his work. That is why he thought that he would arrive in Asia on his journey and did not realize that a new continent had arrived. The first place must go to Eratosthenes, the man who coined the term "geography" between 275 and 194 BC. With these data (length of the shadow and length of the rod), Eratosthenes calculated the angle of the sun's rays in 1/50 of a circumference. He lived from 276 to 194 B.C. Ben-Avraham et al. Hipparchus divided the Earth's surface into 360 degrees. Was the father of geography? Explained by Sharing Culture in Cyrene, a Greek city located in North Africa, in what is now the lands of Libya. This page was last edited on 26 February 2023, at 18:23. Eratosthenes was an Ancient Greek scientist born in the town of Cyrene in about 276 BC. Eratosthenes - Windows to the Universe He made two important contributions, out of which one was later proved wrong, while the other was right, but it was overlooked for a long time. He did this by observing the Moon during a lunar eclipse and by estimating the angle and the size of the Earth. Within about five years he became Chief Librarian, a position that the poet Apollonius Rhodius had previously held. Was nicknamed Beta by other Greeks of his time, in reference to the second letter of the alphabet. His work is comparable to what is now known as the study of geography, and he introduced some of the terminology still used today.[1]. [17] In his three-volume work Geography (Greek: Geographika), he described and mapped his entire known world, even dividing the Earth into five climate zones:[18] two freezing zones around the poles, two temperate zones, and a zone encompassing the equator and the tropics. The ancient Greek scholar Eratosthenes is dubbed the father of geography. He was the first to use the word geography, and he also had a small-scale understanding of the planet that helped him determine the earths circumference. Boldly, they also sailed across the open ocean to settle Iceland and Greenland, even landing in North Americabecoming the first Europeans to do so. It is used naval and aviation industries. Definition. He extended the habitable world from Thule to Taprabone (Sri Lanka) and from the Atlantic Ocean to the Bay of Bengal. The nematode They are a group of animal that are characterized by having a cylindrical body, without egmentation. Eratosthenes of Cyrene Prince Henry the navigator's contribution to ocean exploration included? Several astronomers and mathematicians before and after Eratosthenes tried to accurately measure the circumference of the Earth, but is was Eratosthenes that came through. Eratosthenes followed in the footsteps of other academics in his city and trained with Lysanias, an expert in grammar. He established the value of each degree in 700 stadiums and a total circumference of 252,000, corresponding to approximately 39,691 kilometers, since the stadium was a difficult measure to determine. : 3373 , 02-3298322 A . ", Zhumud, Leonid. Geography was defined by Hettner as the earths chorological science. Eratosthenes went to Athens to further his studies. Eratosthenes created a whole section devoted to the examination of Homer, and acquired original works of great tragic dramas of Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides. Eratosthenes only surviving work is Catasterisms, a book about the constellations, which gives a description and story for each constellation, as well as a count of the number of stars contained in it, but the attribution of this work has been doubted by some scholars. Contributions of Greeks in the field of Physical Geography: The Greeks made remarkable development in the field of physical geography. oceanography chapter 1 Flashcards | Quizlet Eratosthenes used longitude in his maps, though the lines were placed irregularly so that they could pass through important landmarks. He also claimed that the rivers source was lakes. 2011. a. Eratosthenes of Cyrene developed longitude and latitude. What is the contribution of Eratosthenes in ancient geography? On the basis of this The children were trained from the age of seven in subjects such as literature, sports and music. An account of Eratosthenes method is preserved in the Greek astronomer Cleomedes Meteora. Whats a physical geographer? Explained by Sharing Culture Between 276 and 195 BC, he created one of the first known maps of the world, but his most significant contribution was the concept of latitude and longitude. He worked in geography to try to figure out why the Nile river had such a regular flood pattern, and hypothesized that it was because of heavy rain upstream. He was called Pentathlos, a title given to those who were victors in the five tests of the Olympic games, because he dedicated himself to cultivating all areas of knowledge. % complete Using the precise data that Tycho had collected, Kepler discovered that the orbit of Mars was an ellipse. He invented a system of latitude and longitude and he also might have calculated the distance from earth to the sun and invented the leap day. Given an estimate of the distance between the two cities, he was able to calculate the circumference of Earth, obtaining 250,000 stadia. in, Chondros, Thomas G. Archimedes Life Works and Machines. Eratosthenes calculates circumference of Earth, invents latitude and longitude 230 B.C. All of the planets, except for Earth, were named after Greek and Roman gods and godesses. The geometry of the situation is sketched at the right. One of Eratosthenes contributions to mathematics was his measurement of the Earth. [6] He wrote Chronographies, a text that scientifically depicted dates of importance, beginning with the Trojan War. He studied astronomy, geography, and math. He studied in Athens at the Lyceum. #1 Vasco da Gama linked Europe and Asia through an ocean route for the first time The Age of Discovery was a period of global exploration that started in the early 15th century and was primarily initiated by Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal. Eratosthenes' "Geography". According to Macrobious, Eratosthenes made the diameter of the Sun to be about 27 times that of the Earth. Systmone Remote Access, This is where, according to Pliny, "The world was grasped." While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Eratosthenes was born in the Greek colony Cyrene, now the city of Shahhat, Libya. However, a simplified version of the method has been preserved, as described by Cleomedes.[15]. Eratosthenes made major contributions to geography. It was said that these were copied so accurately that it was impossible to tell if the library had returned the original or the copy. The texts of his early works as a poet are not preserved either; however, some names were passed on to posterity through quotations from other Greeks. Definition of Oceanography 1. 2011. He divided the earth into 5 climatic zones: the frozen poles, under them two temperate zones and in the center a tropical belt that bordered the equator. Fragments Collected and Translated, with Commentary and Additional Material. The simplified method works by considering two cities along the same meridian and measuring both the distance between them and the difference in angles of the shadows cast by the sun on a vertical rod (a gnomon) in each city at noon on the summer solstice. Eratosthenes - Biography, Facts and Pictures - Famous Scientists Marcotte, D. (1998). The book written by him describes the ekumene (inhabited) world. The word geography may have been coined by Eratosthenes. The first spot has to go to the man who coined the term geography, Eratosthenes (c.275-194 BC). Ptolemy's Contributions to Geography - ThoughtCo Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Eratosthenes analyzed the observations with the assumption that the earth is a sphere and the sun is very far away. Uf Women's Studies Electives, Geography consisted of eight volumes. . Ptolemys most significant geographical innovation was the record of longitudes and latitudes in degrees on his world map for roughly 8,000 locations, allowing him to create an exact duplicate of his map. He was a follower of Aristotle in his belief about the spherical shape of the Earth which he considered to be placed in the centre of the universe. Geography is derived from the Greek words geo (the Earth in its broadest sense) and graphos (graphos (graphy), which means to write about. To write about the Earth in a literal sense. He had inclination toward arts as well as music and poetry composition. He also studied under the head of the Platonic Academy, who was Arcesilaus of Pitane. He lived and worked for most of his life in the city of Alexandria in Egypt. 5 best Master's degrees in Clinical and Health Psychology to study in Spain, The 40 phrases of Michael Jackson, the King of Pop, 7 keys for someone to open up more to you, The 10 most romantic cities on the planet, Social behavior: definition and explanatory theories, Postcoital dysphoria: symptoms, causes and treatment, Scriptophobia: symptoms, causes and treatment, Nematodes: characteristics, classification, reproduction, nutrition, Specialized texts: characteristics, structure, types, examples. The measurement of the Sun-Earth distance, now called the astronomical unit (804,000,000 stadia, 1 stadion varies from 157 to 209 meter). Your email address will not be published. He concluded that the circumference of the earth was about 50 times greater than the distance from Alexandria to Aswan. Alexander the Great conquered Cyrene in 332 BC, and following his death in 323 BC, its rule was given to one of his generals, Ptolemy I Soter, the founder of the Ptolemaic Kingdom. Arab Contributions To Geography And Navigation - Arab America More than 400 places appeared in that work, but it was lost, except for the references of historians of the time. Several astronomers and mathematicians tried to accurately measure the circumference of the Earth before and after Eratosthenes, but it was Eratosthenes who succeeded. Eratosthenes died in his 80s in Alexandria, Egypt. He reportedly fell into despair, and he is said to have committed suicide by voluntary starvation in 194 as a result.
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