Courts are part of the Judicial Branch, Congress is part of the Legislative Branch. How many executive orders have been overturned by the Supreme Court We will also be adding our independent tallies for unnumbered orders. Courts can declare an executive order illegal or unconstitutional. The executive actions include halting funding for the construction of Trump's border wall, reversing Trump's travel ban targeting largely Muslim countries, imposing a mask mandate on federal. These executive orders will not likely result in any large-scale changes. The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) provides some coverage for people with preexisting conditions. How Many Executive Orders Have Been Overturned Trumps Executive Order on Healthcare: What to Know, How Many Executive Orders Have Been Overturned, Video about How Many Executive Orders Have Been Overturned, Question about How Many Executive Orders Have Been Overturned, Rate Articles How Many Executive Orders Have Been Overturned, Search keywords How Many Executive Orders Have Been Overturned, What Do Hospitals Do For Babies With Fevers When to Take a Child to the Hospital for the Flu, Clinics Near Me That Don'T Require Insurance Finding Free Local Healthcare, Low Cost Clinics, and Aid, The Kidneys Lie Outside The Peritoneal Cavity Morisons Pouch: Anatomy and Function, Conditions, and Symptoms, 8 Ways Managers Can Support Employees Mental Health Over 80% Of U.S. Workers Seek Employers Who Care About Mental Health, Motorcycle Helmet That Looks Like A Bald Head Why Do Babies Wear Helmets? Executive orders allow presidents to make policy outside of the regular lawmaking process. Policy: Christopher Nelson Caitlin Styrsky Molly Byrne Katharine Frey Jimmy McAllister Samuel Postell Additionally, the executive order cannot be enforced unless other laws are passed. Most of Franklin D. Roosevelt's orders were measures aimed at responding to the Great Depression or initiating wartime policy. Can Congress Overturn Executive Orders? - The Freeman Online His most controversial directive came in response to the bombing of Pearl Harbor in 1941 when hesigned Executive Order 9066, creating detention centers for hundreds of thousands of Japanese Americans who were rounded up en masse and relocated to camps for the duration of World War II. Inflagi.com l website tr li mi thng tin hu ch v i sng, cng ngh, khoa hc, gio dc, k nng, lm giu v nhiu thng tin khc. Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, Barack Obama, and Donald Trump each. We are adding earlier orders to the collection as possible, and welcome (and will gladly acknowledge) contributions to this effort. John T. Woolley and Gerhard Peters. Added 22 days ago|1/18/2023 9:58:54 AM How can Congress overturn an executive order? Hy theo di chng ti b sung thm cc kin thc b ch cho mnh nh. Obama's detractors will say that he had 13 overturned. The bill is sent to the President for review. Analysis looking at presidential use of discretion in the first two years of elected presidents starting with Nixon. In this table we present the total number of Executive Orders issued by presidential term (not calendar year). As of March 3, 2023, President Joe Biden (D) had signed 107 executive orders, 127 presidential memoranda, 390 proclamations, and 79 notices. Meanwhile, some of the more famous executive orders have changed the course of history. 1943. !function(){"use strict";window.addEventListener("message",(function(e){if(void 0!==e.data["datawrapper-height"]){var t=document.querySelectorAll("iframe");for(var a in e.data["datawrapper-height"])for(var r=0;rHere's the full list of Biden's executive actions so far - NBC News [3], Proclamations are executive directives that typically relate to private individuals or ceremonial events, such as holidays and commemorations.[3]. Click here to contact our editorial staff, and click here to report an error. Log in for more information. 20 times Trump overturned Obama policies | abc10.com - KXTV NEW YORK - In his first days in office, U.S. President Joe Biden issued a wave of executive orders and proclamations aimed at dismantling some of former President Donald Trump's agenda and. Trump also outlined a potential healthcare plan that aims to protect people from surprise billing, ensure better care, and invest in critical areas.This includes a steadfast commitment to always protecting individuals with preexisting conditions and ensuring they have access to the high-quality healthcare they deserve, the order states. This executive order does not do this and if that is President Trumps commitment, then how will he ensure this?Last week, President Trump signed an executive order to help protect Americans with preexisting conditions like asthma or diabetes. Here's what to know about executive orders, their limitations, which president signed the most and how recent commanders in chief rank in comparison: Executive orders are official directives by the President of the United States that manages operations of the federal government and do not require approval from Congress. Executive Order 13771 of January 30, 2017 (Reducing Regulation and Controlling Regulatory Costs), Executive Order 13777 of February 24, 2017 (Enforcing the Regulatory Reform Agenda), . An Executive Order is effectively an operational instruction: it tells the agencies that belong to the Federal Government how they are to enact the laws passed by Congress. 1944. They are numbered, published in the Federal Register, and cite the authority by which the president is making the order. You are searching about How Many Executive Orders Have Been Overturned, today we will share with you article about How Many Executive Orders Have Been Overturned was compiled and edited by our team from many sources on the internet. President Hoover attempted to bring further order and regularity to the processing and documenting of Executive orders (ibid). The best known compilation includes "over 1500" unnumbered orders, but the editor notes that the true total is unknown. Executive orders are vulnerable to political change. Congress may override a veto with a two-thirds majority to end an executive order. President Abraham Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation executive order freed slaves in the South in 1863 and both Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon Johnson used executive orders to bar racial discrimination in federal housing, hiring and contracting. Here's a list of policies that Biden has overturned since taking over Can Presidential Executive Orders be Overturned? - Politic Sphere How executive orders have been used by presidents to expand their powers beyond those explicitly listed in Article II of the US Constitution. President . President Joe Biden has signed an average of 63 executive orders per year, more than Barack Obama and Donald Trump, but in line with the average among his 13 predecessors. Approximately 13,200 president executive orders have been overturned in our nations history. Donate here: https://www.khanacademy.org/donate?utm_source=youtube&utm_medium=desc, Volunteer here: https://www.khanacademy.org/contribute?utm_source=youtube&utm_medium=desc. Views: 52461833, How Many Executive Orders Have Been Overturned - 3 of the 13 had nothing to do with Executive Orders. In order to guarantee protection for people with preexisting conditions to have insurance coverage, there needs to be a law not just an executive action. how many executive orders have been overturned. What Are Executive Orders, and How Many Has Biden Signed? - LX If the ACA were to be taken down without another law in place, millions of Americans with preexisting coverage could lose coverage. tutorial How Many Executive Orders Have Been Overturned 100% remote. In one case, the Obama administration . In addition to the numbered executive orders, there are many unnumbered orders (see Lord 1943). If President Trump is truly committed to protecting Americans with preexisting conditions to have access to health insurance coverage, then he could have used an executive order to prevent the Department of Justice from trying to get rid of the Affordable Care Act, Sklar said.Health experts dont expect the executive order to result in many large-scale changes.This executive order, while stating that it is national policy to protect insurance coverage for individuals with preexisting conditions, does nothing to substantively protect that coverage, says Piatt.While lengthy, theres not much to the executive order in terms of substance. rev. While the President here states a policy to preserve coverage for preexisting conditions, a policy statement does not have any legal impact and will not bind insurance companies, says Jennifer Piatt, a research scholar with the Center for Public Health Law and Policy at Arizona State University.President Trumps executive order essentially means he says he is committed to protecting people with preexisting condition without putting anything real into effect, explains Tara Sklar, JD, MPH, a professor of health law at University of Arizonas James E. Rogers College of Law.In order to guarantee insurance companies wont reject or increase prices for people with preexisting health conditions, there needs to be a law. Each succeeding president has scored worse than that, bottoming out with. It's been less than a month since Donald Trump took office, and the 45th president has already signed a dozen executive orders. Executive Order 9577-A). How Many Executive Orders Have Recent Presidents Signed? How Many Executive Orders Have Been Overturned free, Contact Email: integration.agency@gmail.com
The president has given each day a topical theme, signing his name to documents on matters ranging from immigration to the pandemic. Khan Academy has been translated into dozens of languages, and 15 million people around the globe learn on Khan Academy every month. In addition to the numbered executive orders, there are many unnumbered orders (see Lord 1943). Estimates have reportedly ranged as high as 50,000. Last week, President Trump signed an executive order that claims to help protect Americans with preexisting conditions like cancer, asthma, or diabetes. "[4], Proclamations are a third type of executive directive that typically relate to private individuals or ceremonial events, such as holidays and commemorations.[3][5]. They are numbered, published in the Federal Register, and cite the authority by which the president is making the order. Put simply, an executive order is a type of written instruction that presidents use to work their will through the executive branch of government. Here's the Full List of Donald Trump's Executive Orders - NBC News The exception is William Henry Harrison, who died of pneumonia after serving just one month in office. The ACA already protects people with preexisting conditions. if(document.getElementsByClassName("reference").length==0) if(document.getElementById('Footnotes')!==null) document.getElementById('Footnotes').parentNode.style.display = 'none'; Communications: Alison Graves Carley Allensworth Abigail Campbell Sarah Groat Caitlin Vanden Boom Executive orders: Swift, powerful, and easily reversed If you find the article How Many Executive Orders Have Been Overturned helpful to you, please support the team Like or Share! President Joe Biden took executive action Friday to protect access to abortion after the Supreme Court ended a constitutional right to the procedure last month. New Jersey Historical Records Survey, Works Progress Administration, Newark, NJ. This invariably means that they are dependent upon faithful execution of the law. Has congress ever overturned a presidential executive order? Research: Josh Altic Vojsava Ramaj Modern presidents have issued an average of 30 to 40 executive orders per year. Many orders specifically exempt independent agencies, but some do not. Therefore, the impact will likely be minimal, according to Piatt.What we really need, Fagbuyi says, are concrete steps to provide the country with health security. While Biden acknowledges that executive action is a pale substitute for legislative action, he defended his heavy use of them at the start of the administration as a necessary stopgap to address the worst public health crisis in more than a century and reverse some of Trumps policies. President Donald Trump signed an executive order focused on healthcare issues. Executive orders are different from laws because most of them affect people in government and not the general populace, but laws can affect the general public. This means that a presidential order can be overturned. More than 13,000, in one form or another, have been issued since 1789. . [1][2], Presidential memoranda also include instructions directed at executive officials, but they are neither numbered nor have the same publication requirements. Here's the Full List of Donald Trump's Executive Orders. If a presidential order needs to be overturned because it is 'adjudicated lawful,' consultation is carried out with relevant lawmakers. During the Reagan years, the presidential victory rate reached 75 percent which turned out to be the high-water mark. This page provides a list of the executive orders, presidential memoranda, and proclamations issued by Biden in reverse chronological order. 'Fragile change': Biden signs executive orders but many lack force Historical use of executive orders, 1789-2023, Average number of executive orders issued each year by president, 1921-2023, Confirmation process for Cabinet nominees, Executive Order on Further Advancing Racial Equity and Support for Underserved Communities Through The Federal Government, Executive Order on Adjustments of Certain Rates of Pay, Executive Order on Establishing the Presidents Advisory Council on African Diaspora Engagement in the United States, Executive Order on Taking Additional Steps to Address the National Emergency With Respect to the Situation in Nicaragua, Executive Order on Lowering Prescription Drug Costs for Americans, Executive Order On Enhancing Safeguards For United States Signals Intelligence Activities, Executive Order on Expanding Eligibility For Certain Military Decorations And Awards, Executive Order on Promoting the Arts, the Humanities, and Museum and Library Services, Executive Order on Ensuring Robust Consideration of Evolving National Security Risks by the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States, Executive Order on the Implementation of the Energy and Infrastructure Provisions of the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022, Executive Order on Advancing Biotechnology and Biomanufacturing Innovation for a Sustainable, Safe, and Secure American Bioeconomy, Executive Order on the Implementation of the CHIPS Act of 2022, Executive Order on Securing Access to Reproductive and Other Healthcare Services, Executive Order on Bolstering Efforts to Bring Hostages and Wrongfully Detained United States Nationals Home, Executive Order on Establishing an Emergency Board to Investigate Disputes Between Certain Railroads Represented by the National Carriers Conference Committee of the National Railway Labor Conference and Their Employees Represented by Certain Labor Organizations, Executive Order on Protecting Access to Reproductive Healthcare Services, Executive Order on Advancing Equality for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, and Intersex Individuals, Executive Order on Advancing Effective, Accountable Policing and Criminal Justice Practices to Enhance Public Trust and Public Safety, Executive Order on Enhancing the National Quantum Initiative Advisory Committee, Executive Order on Strengthening the Nations Forests, Communities, and Local Economies, Prohibiting New Investment in and Certain Services to the Russian Federation in Response to Continued Russian Federation Aggression, Executive Order on Continuing to Strengthen Americans Access to Affordable, Quality Health Coverage, Executive Order on Advancing Economy, Efficiency, and Effectiveness in Federal Contracting by Promoting Pay Equity and Transparency, Executive Order on Prohibiting Certain Imports, Exports, and New Investment with Respect to Continued Russian Federation Aggression, Executive Order on Ensuring Responsible Development of Digital Assets, Executive Order on Prohibiting Certain Imports and New Investments With Respect to Continued Russian Federation Efforts to Undermine the Sovereignty and Territorial Integrity of Ukraine, Executive Order on Blocking Property of Certain Persons and Prohibiting Certain Transactions With Respect to Continued Russian Efforts to Undermine the Sovereignty and Territorial Integrity of Ukraine, Executive Order on Protecting Certain Property of Da Afghanistan Bank for the Benefit of the People of Afghanistan, Executive Order on Use of Project Labor Agreements For Federal Construction Projects, Executive Order on 2022 Amendments to the Manual for Courts-Martial, United States, Executive Order on Establishing the United States Council on Transnational Organized Crime, Executive Order on Imposing Sanctions on Foreign Persons Involved in the Global Illicit Drug Trade, Executive Order on Transforming Federal Customer Experience and Service Delivery to Rebuild Trust in Government, Executive Order on Catalyzing Clean Energy Industries and Jobs Through Federal Sustainability, Executive Order on the National Space Council, Executive Order on Nondisplacement of Qualified Workers Under Service Contracts, Executive Order on the Termination of Emergency With Respect To the Situation in Burundi, Executive Order on Implementation of the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, Executive Order on Improving Public Safety and Criminal Justice for Native Americans and Addressing the Crisis of Missing or Murdered Indigenous People, Executive Order on the Designation to Exercise Authority Over the National Defense Stockpile, Executive Order on White House Initiative on Advancing Educational Equity, Excellence, and Economic Opportunity for Black Americans, Executive Order on the White House Initiative on Advancing Educational Equity, Excellence, and Economic Opportunity for Native Americans and Strengthening Tribal Colleges and Universities, Executive Order on Continuance or Reestablishment of Certain Federal Advisory Committees and Amendments to Other Executive Orders, Executive Order on Adding Measles to the List of Quarantinable Communicable Diseases, Executive Order on Imposing Sanctions on Certain Persons With Respect to the Humanitarian and Human Rights Crisis in Ethiopia, Executive Order on Amending Executive Order 14007, Executive Order on White House Initiative on Advancing Educational Equity, Excellence, and Economic Opportunity for Hispanics, Executive Order on Ensuring Adequate COVID Safety Protocols for Federal Contractors, Executive Order on Requiring Coronavirus Disease 2019 Vaccination for Federal Employees, Executive Order on Declassification Review of Certain Documents Concerning the Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001, Executive Order on White House Initiative on Advancing Educational Equity, Excellence, and Economic Opportunity through Historically Black Colleges and Universities, Executive Order on Blocking Property with Respect to Certain Russian Energy Export Pipelines, Executive Order on Blocking Property of Additional Persons Contributing to the Situation in Belarus, Executive Order on Strengthening American Leadership in Clean Cars and Trucks, Executive Order on Promoting Competition in the American Economy, Executive Order on Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, and Accessibility in the Federal Workforce, Executive Order on Protecting Americans Sensitive Data from Foreign Adversaries, Executive Order on Blocking Property And Suspending Entry Into The United States Of Certain Persons Contributing To The Destabilizing Situation In The Western Balkans, Executive Order on Addressing the Threat from Securities Investments that Finance Certain Companies of the Peoples Republic of China, Executive Order on Advancing Equity, Justice, and Opportunity for Asian Americans, Native Hawaiians, and Pacific Islanders, Executive Order on Climate-Related Financial Risk, Executive Order on the Revocation of Certain Presidential Actions and Technical Amendment, Executive Order on Improving the Nations Cybersecurity, Executive Order on the Establishment of the Climate Change Support Office, Executive Order on Increasing the Minimum Wage for Federal Contractors, Executive Order on Worker Organizing and Empowerment, Executive Order on Blocking Property with Respect to Specified Harmful Foreign Activities of the Government of the Russian Federation, Executive Order on the Establishment of the Presidential Commission on the Supreme Court of the United States, Executive Order on the Termination of Emergency With Respect to the International Criminal Court, Executive Order on Establishment of the White House Gender Policy Council, Executive Order on Guaranteeing an Educational Environment Free from Discrimination on the Basis of Sex, Including Sexual Orientation or Gender Identity, Executive Order on Promoting Access to Voting, Executive Order on the Revocation of Certain Presidential Actions, Executive Order on Americas Supply Chains, Executive Order on the Revocation of Executive Order 13801, Executive Order on the Establishment of the White House Office of Faith-Based and Neighborhood Partnerships, Executive Order on Blocking Property with Respect to the Situation in Burma, Executive Order on Rebuilding and Enhancing Programs to Resettle Refugees and Planning for the Impact of Climate Change on Migration, Executive Order on the Establishment of Interagency Task Force on the Reunification of Families, Executive Order on Creating a Comprehensive Regional Framework to Address the Causes of Migration, to Manage Migration Throughout North and Central America, and to Provide Safe and Orderly Processing of Asylum Seekers at the United States Border, Executive Order on Restoring Faith in Our Legal Immigration Systems and Strengthening Integration and Inclusion Efforts for New Americans, Executive Order on Strengthening Medicaid and the Affordable Care Act, Executive Order on the Presidents Council of Advisors on Science and Technology, Executive Order on Tackling the Climate Crisis at Home and Abroad, Executive Order on Reforming Our Incarceration System to Eliminate the Use of Privately Operated Criminal Detention Facilities, Executive Order on Ensuring the Future Is Made in All of America by All of Americas Workers, Executive Order on Enabling All Qualified Americans to Serve Their Country in Uniform, Executive Order on Protecting the Federal Workforce, Executive Order on Economic Relief Related to the COVID-19 Pandemic, Executive Order on Establishing the COVID-19 Pandemic Testing Board and Ensuring a Sustainable Public Health Workforce for COVID-19 and Other Biological Threats, Executive Order on Protecting Worker Health and Safety, Executive Order on Supporting the Reopening and Continuing Operation of Schools and Early Childhood Education Providers, Executive Order on Ensuring an Equitable Pandemic Response and Recovery, Executive Order on a Sustainable Public Health Supply Chain, Executive Order on Ensuring a Data-Driven Response to COVID-19 and Future High-Consequence Public Health Threat, Executive Order on Improving and Expanding Access to Care and Treatments for COVID-19, Executive Order on Promoting COVID-19 Safety in Domestic and International Travel, Executive Order on Ethics Commitments by Executive Branch Personnel, Executive Order on Preventing and Combating Discrimination on the Basis of Gender Identity or Sexual Orientation, Executive Order on Protecting Public Health and the Environment and Restoring Science to Tackle the Climate Crisis, Executive Order on Ensuring a Lawful and Accurate Enumeration and Apportionment Pursuant to the Decennial Census, Executive Order on Revocation of Certain Executive Orders Concerning Federal Regulation, Executive Order on the Revision of Civil Immigration Enforcement Policies and Priorities, Executive Order on Organizing and Mobilizing the United States Government to Provide a Unified and Effective Response to Combat COVID-19 and to Provide United States Leadership on Global Health and Security, Executive Order on Protecting the Federal Workforce and Requiring Mask-Wearing, Executive Order On Advancing Racial Equity and Support for Underserved Communities Through the Federal Government, Memorandum on Presidential Waiver of Statutory Requirements Pursuant to Section 303 of the Defense Production Act of 1950, as amended, on Department of Defense Supply Chains Resilience, Memorandum on Delegation of Authority Under Sections 506(a)(1) and 552(c)(2) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, Memorandum on Delegation of Authority Under Section 506(a)(1) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, Memorandum on Supporting Access to Leave for Federal Employees, Memorandum on Fourteenth Quadrennial Review of Military Compensation, Memorandum on Presidential Determination Pursuant to Section 1245(d)(4)(B) and (C) of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012, Memorandum on Extending and Expanding Eligibility for Deferred Enforced Departure for Certain Hong Kong Residents, Memorandum on Further Efforts to Protect Access to Reproductive Healthcare Services, Memorandum on Delegation of Authority Under Section 6501(b)(2) of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2022, Memorandum on Certifications Regarding Disclosure of Information in Certain Records Related to the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy, Memorandum on Uniform Standards for Tribal Consultation, Memorandum on Promoting Accountability for Conflict-Related Sexual Violence, Memorandum on Presidential Determination with Respect to the Efforts of Foreign Governments Regarding Trafficking in Persons, Memorandum on the Delegation of Authority Under Section 506(a)(1) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, Memorandum on the Presidential Waiver of Statutory Requirements Pursuant to Section 303 of the Defense Production Act of 1950, as amended, Memorandum on Delegation of Authority Under Public Law 117-169, Memorandum on Presidential Determination on Refugee Admissions for Fiscal Year 2023, Memorandum on Presidential Determination Terminating the Designation of Afghanistan as a Major Non-NATO Ally, Memorandum on Delegation of Authority Under Section 610 of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended, Memorandum on Presidential Determination on Major Drug Transit or Major Illicit Drug Producing Countries for Fiscal Year 2023, Delegation of Authority Under Section 506(a)(1) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, Memorandum on the Delegation of Authority Under Section 614(a)(1) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, Memorandum on Presidential Determination on the Proposed Agreement to Extend the Agreement for Cooperation between the United States of America and the Republic of South Africa Concerning Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy, Memorandum on the Delegation of Authority Under the Trans-Sahara Counterterrorism Partnership Program Act of 2022, Memorandum on Delegation of Authority Under Sections 102 and 106 of the CHIPS Act of 2022, Memorandum on Continuation of U.S. Drug Interdiction Assistance to the Government of Colombia, Memorandum on Extending and Expanding Eligibility for Deferred Enforced Departure for Liberians, Memorandum on the Partnership for Global Infrastructure and Investment, Memorandum on the Prescription of Method of Designating a Member of the Military Sentencing Parameters and Criteria Board, Memorandum on the Establishment of the White House Task Force to Address Online Harassment and Abuse, Memorandum on Delegation of Authority Under the European Energy Security and Diversification Act of 2019, Memorandum on Presidential Determination Pursuant to Section 303 of the Defense Production Act of 1950, as amended, on Insulation, Memorandum on Presidential Determination Pursuant to Section 303 of the Defense Production Act of 1950, as amended, on Electric Heat Pumps, Memorandum on Presidential Determination Pursuant to Section 303 of the Defense Production Act of 1950, as amended, on Transformers and Electric Power Grid Components, Memorandum on Presidential Determination Pursuant to Section 303 of the Defense Production Act of 1950, as amended, on Solar Photovoltaic Modules and Module Components, Memorandum on Presidential Determination Pursuant to Section 303 of the Defense Production Act of 1950, as amended, on Electrolyzers, Fuel Cells, and Platinum Group Metals, Memorandum on the Delegation of Authority Under Sections 1209 and 1236 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2015, as Amended, Memorandum on the Designation of Colombia as a Major Non-NATO Ally, Memorandum on the Delegation of Authority Under Section 506(a)(1) and Section 614(a)(1) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, Memorandum on the Delegation of Authority Under the Defense Production Act to Ensure an Adequate Supply of Infant Formula, Memorandum on Addressing the Long-Term Effects of COVID-19, Memorandum on Finding of a Severe Energy Supply Interruption, Memorandum on Presidential Determination Pursuant to Section 303 of the Defense Production Act of 1950, as amended, Memorandum on the Delegation of Authority Under Section 552(c)(2) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, Memorandum on the Designation of the State of Qatar as a Major Non-NATO Ally, Memorandum on the Finding that a Drawdown and Sale of Petroleum from the Strategic Petroleum Reserve is Required by U.S.
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