Micrococcus luteus is found in lots of places including skin, soil, dust, water, air, mouth, mucosae, oropharynx, and upper respiratory tract of humans (Wikipedia, Micrococcus luteus, 2019). Micrococcus luteus in tetrads arrangement. Micrococcus luteus uses the amino acids and does not grow in the butt of the slant. Principle of Microdase (Modified Oxidase) Test The microdase test, also known as modified oxidase test is a rapid test to differentiate Staphylococcus from Micrococcus which are Gram positive cocci possessing catalase enzyme. View Biochemical Tests Lab Report.docx from BIOL 240 at University of Alaska, Anchorage. Micrococcus luteus was formerly known as Micrococcus lysodeikticus. Staphylococcus aureus. Abstract: Gliotoxin, an epipolythiodioxopiperazine, is a fungal metabolite that causes genomic DNA degradation preferentially in certain blood cell types including T lymphocytes and macrophages. Micrococcus luteus is generally harmless but can become an opportunistic pathogen in immunocompromised people or those with indwelling catheters. Structure and PhysiologyThis bacteria is Gram-positive, spherical, and an obligate aerobe. Enterococcus faecalis. Abstract Micrococcus luteus IFO 3333 cells, both treated with chemical reagents and non-treated, were observed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). M. luteus is an obligate aerobe (Medical Laboratories). The optimum growth temperature is 25-37C. Recent reports, however, confirm that micrococci may be associated with human infections, particularly in immunosuppressed patients. In order to determine physiological characteristics of the culture such as cell shape, arrangement, and whether it was gram positive or negative, which helps determine the cell wall type of the microbe, I performed a gram stain. The oxygen class and the gram positiveness of the microbe also matches up with that of Micrococcus luteus. 1. Ans: Although it is a harmless saprophyte, Micrococcus luteus can act as an opportunistic pathogen. The catalase test also indicated that the microbe does not have catalase, despite the metagenomic binning test suggesting it. Cell surface of Micrococcus luteus: chemical treatment of the - PubMed The categorization of the Gram-positive cocci based on their possession of the enzyme catalase, a quality which can be easily assayed in the lab. Source: Trainee Council in English, Hello, my name is Dr. Karen Krisher. . The Micrococcus strains isolated from various infections were most probably misclassified as staphylococci. Micrococci have Gram-positive types of spherical cells that are ranging from about 0.5 to three micrometres in diameter and typically they appear in tetrads. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. A very important test in the categorization of the staphylococci is the coagulase test. Micrococcus lylaeare Gram-positive cocci mostly arranged in tetrads. They are considered as normal comensal of human skin and upper respiratory tract. Micrococcus is the Gram-positive cocci that are about 0.5 to 3.5 micrometres in diameter and usually, these are arranged in tetrads or in irregular clusters. This kit utilizes enzymatic reactions to release bacterial DNA from the cell. Subscribe to our e-mail newsletter to receive updates. Micrococcus Luteus Biochemical Test Results - GENTHAMA Another set of tests that I performed were physiological tests, including testing for oxygen class with fluid thyoglycate, checking for catalase using hydrogen peroxide, checking for cytochrome c oxidase using oxidase test strips, and using an API 20 E test strip to test for various different physiological traits such as Sulphur reduction, which had 20 different tests. Mannitol Salt Agar: Principle, Uses, and Results - Microbe Online Micrococcus spp. Micrococcus luteus ( Scanning electron micrograph ) Micrococcus luteus is a Gram-positive bacterium of the genus Micrococcus. This test had VP, HIP, ESC, PYRA, aGAL, bGUR, bGAL, PAL, LAP, ADH, RIB, ARA, MAN, SOR, LAC, TRE, INU, RAF, AMD, and GLYG tests. 91 988-660-2456 (Mon-Sun: 9am - 11pm IST), Want to read offline? DNA release from the cell is coupled with adsorption of DNA onto a silica spin-column . Finally I used different antibiotic disks to check for its resistance to antibiotics, using Gentamicin, Cefoperazone, Vancomycin, Tobramycin, Amikacin, Trimethoprim, Oxacillin, and Cefazdin. In the 1920s, Alexander Fleming described lysozyme as a bactericidal factor of human and other animal tissues and secretions.1 He also discovered and named a yellow bacterium, Micrococcus lysodeikticus (now M luteus), that was highly susceptible to lysozyme-mediated killing.After exploring the susceptibility of other bacteria to lysozyme, Fleming proposed that M luteus and certain other . The genera Staphylococcus, Micrococcus and Sarcina were recognized. The two unifying characteristics of these four families are their coccoid shape and the fact that they stain purple in the Grams method for visualizing bacteria microscopically. 7.1: Introduction to Biochemical Tests Part I - Biology LibreTexts Micrococcus luteus pigment (Yellow) GLUCOSE FERMENTATION TEST This test detects the ability of the bacterium to break down glucose to pyruvic acid. 2. Welcome to this Pearl of Laboratory Medicine on Basics of Differentiation of Gram-positive Cocci.. Gliotoxin treatment selectively spares MCSF plus IL3responsive The skin infections or chronic cutaneous infections that are caused can result in pruritic eruptions of the skin in some of the areas as well as scattered papule lesions with or without central ulcerations. Basics of Differentiation of Gram Positive Cocci, The Journal of Applied Laboratory Medicine, Challenges in Blood Group Alloantibody Detection, Clinical Applications of Complement Testing, Collecting Blood from Patients with Vascular Lines, Diagnosis of Syphilis Using the Reverse Algorithm, Liquid Chromatography LC Basics and Separation Techniques, Liquid Chromatography Separation Mechanisms, Optimal Reporting of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies, Pharmacogenetics for Drug Hypersensitivity Reactions, Sensitivity Specificity and Predictive Values in Diagnostic Testing, Transfusion Support in Hematopoietic Cell Transplant, Clinical Chemistry Guide to Scientific Writing, Commission on Accreditation in Clinical Chemistry. Biochemical Tests Lab Report.docx - Biochemical Tests in Wieser et al. Gram Stain:Gram-positive cocci, arranged in clusters that differ from Staphylococcus. Biochemical Tests LAB REPORT.docx - Biochemical Tests in This bacterium can also be transmitted to others due to poor hand-washing practices. The Kocuria rhizophila strain ATCC 9341 has been used in quality control for sterility testing, as a test for the effectiveness of antibiotics and fungicides, and for doxycycline, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol susceptibility testing since 1966 under the designation Micrococcus luteus [4]. The first control consisted of plates of agar-agar to test sterility. . Therefore I used this as my location to take my environmental sample from. They are catalase positive and often oxidase positive although this reaction may be weak (see Table 23.3 ). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Although it's tempting to write a summary of the entire study but it . The modified oxidase reagent is prepared as tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine in certified grade dimethyl sulfoxide. Baird-Parker, A. c.: A classification of micrococci and staphylococci based on physiological and biochemical tests. All of these are described in the lab 6 handout and were kept in the incubator at 38 degrees Celsius. The sample was then sequenced using the Illumina MiSeq technology in UAFs DNA Core Lab. These families of bacteria produce colonies which are variable both in size, consistency, and the type of hemolysis produced on sBAP. Most of the Micrococcus infections are discovered through the process of elimination along with the presence of the abundant Micrococcus tetrads in the lesions or cysts. The staphylococci and micrococci are catalase producers while the streptococci, enterococci, and a variety of other Gram-positive cocci are catalase-negative. The microbiome of the nose. I grew my isolated in Tryptic Soy Broth (TSB) for a week to prepare for DNA extraction. Whereas the M. variant has a G-C content of about 66-72mol%. The catalase test did return positive by bubbling, indicating that it does have the ability to break down the radical hydrogen peroxide into diatomic oxygen and hydrogen. AACC uses cookies to ensure the best website experience. Three bacteria, E.coli, Staphylococcus epidermis, and Micrococcus luteus, have been grown on TSI or Triple sugar iron agar medium, which is a . 1. This microbe forms large, round colonies. (2) Micrococcus spp. The nasal cavity microbiome primarily consists of the phyla Actinobacteria, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria (Bassis et al. They usually can occur in the irregular clusters, tetrads, and in pairs, where the individual cells are about one to 1.8 mm in diameter and these are usually non-motile and non-spore-forming in nature. Each family of Gram-positive cocci has its own unique configuration. Micrococci have Gram-positive spherical cells ranging from about 0.5 to 3 micrometers in diameter and typically appear in tetrads. These results might not be trustworthy. The differentiation is based on the detection of oxidase enzyme. The colony morphology of being yellow, shiny and smooth line up perfectly with M. luteus (Public Health England). Kocuria rhizophila - microbewiki - Kenyon College In the presence of atmospheric oxygen, the oxidase enzyme reacts with the oxidase reagent and cytochrome C to form the coloured compound, indophenol indicated as blue or purplish-blue colouration on the disc after the introduction of the bacterial colony on the disc. Micrococci can often carry plasmids that provide the organism with useful traits. The genome of the Micrococcus is rich in guanine and cytosine, they typically exhibit about 65 to 75% GC-content. Although the Micrococcus rarely causes infections or problems in the body, with the compromised immune systems, it has been known to get certain skin infections that are caused by Micrococcus luteus. They are likely involved in the biodegradation of many other environmental pollutants or detoxification. The differentiation of the Gram-positive cocci encompasses 4 main exercises used to compare and contrast the characteristics of each family: These four tests will, as we shall see, allow for the differentiation of the families of organisms and will guide the laboratorian to other more definitive tests for the identification of the organism. The bacterium also colonizes the mouth, mucosae, oropharynx, and upper respiratory tract. [3] Know more about our courses. Gram Staining. Once the culture was deemed pure enough, I inoculated a slant tube. It is Gram-positive cocci in tetrads, catalase-positive, coagulase-negative, arranged in clusters that differ from Staphylococcus in attacking sugars oxidatively which may appear in irregular clusters, groups of four or eight. (2019, March 14). Biochemical Tests in Microbiology answer sheet - Biochemical Tests in Microbiology Pre-Laboratory - Studocu Biochemical Tests in Microbiology lab answer sheet biochemical tests in microbiology questions why do some microbes specialize to use different food source than Skip to document Ask an Expert Sign inRegister Sign inRegister Home They are fairly small as well, usually about a millimeter in diameter and of a normal height. Micrococcus luteus was found gram-positive cocci, non-spore forming, non-haemolytic, non-motile aerobic or facultative anaerobes, arranged in pairs, irregular clusters and tetrads. A Classification of Micrococci and Staphylococci Based on Physiological The EMB agar showed no growth or change in color, also indicating the microbe was gram positive and a non-fermenter. This fits well with where I sampled my bacterium from, as a shower drain is a place where both dust and water would accumulate, along with residues of skin glands from showering. These can indicate that the genus of the Micrococcus is more closely related to the genus Arthrobacter than it is to other coccoid genera such as Staphylococcus and Planococcus. The previous classification of these organisms was much simpler; however, with the use of more advanced genetic sequencing methods, these gram-positive cocci have expanded into 4 separate families and their associated genera. M. luteus has one of the smallest genomes of actinobacteria with a circular chromosome of 2,501,097 base pairs and a GC content of 73%. Micrococcus - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics Then to actually isolate a bacterium, I chose a colony from the initial plate and did a quadrant streak of it to further isolate the bacterium, and then incubated it at 38 degrees Celsius for a week. The fluid thioglycallate test showed that the bacteria was an obligate aerobe because the growth was concentrated at the top of the tube in the pink region. It is an aerobic exopolysaccharide producing bacteria that may be found on the skin, mouth and sometimes in the throat of mammals 13,14. Micrococcus species are strictly aerobic Gram-positive cocci arranged in tetrads or irregular clusters, and cells range from 0.5 to 3 m in diameter. M. luteus oxidize carbohydrates to form carbon dioxide and water, and it does not produce acid from the glucose as well as it does not make arginine dihydrolase or b-galactosidase. There have been several deaths in immuno-compromised children that are caused by. Maximum production of pigments was observed at 35C, pH 9 and at 4% (W/V) NaCl concentration. I then transferred the pure culture into a TSB slant to preserve it, keeping it at around 3 degrees Celsius in the lab refrigerator. Staphylococcus spp. PUGVIEW FETCH ERROR: 403 Forbidden National Center for Biotechnology Information 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20894 USA Contact Policies FOIA HHS Vulnerability Disclosure National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health Micrococcus luteus (left) Alcaligenes faecalis (middle) Reduction of nitrate to nitrite to be used as a final electron acceptor/Nitrate reductase. It has been isolated from human skin. Krona chart of microbe shows bacterial classes thought to be present in the sample. Biochemical Test Chart (You will not fill in every blank in this chart.) Micrococcus luteus This Gram positive coccus is found in tetrads, irregular clusters, and cubical packets of eight. The Culture Collections represent deposits of cultures from world-wide sources. A rare case of prosthetic valve endocarditis is caused by Micrococcus luteus, it is described and compared with the few cases that are reported in the literature, as well as the clinical features, microbiological profile, therapy, and prognosis of common prosthetic valve endocarditis. The sequencing of Micrococcus luteus was supported because of its major potential role in the case of bioremediation and its importance in the field of biotechnology. I hypothesized that it would be a bacteria commonly found in the nasal cavities and likely from the aforementioned phyla, so it would likely do best living in an aerobic, humid, and warm environment. Micrococcus luteus is coagulase negative, bacitracin susceptible, and forms bright yellow colonies on nutrient agar. Micrococcus species are oxidase-positive, which can be used to distinguish them from other bacteria like most Staphylococcus species, which are generally oxidase-negative. Perkins1, Sarah D., Jennie Mayfield2, and Victoria Fraser3 And. Members of the Staphylcocci can be differentiated based on production of the enzyme coagulase. In the last control, agar-agar was inoculated with 1 mL of M. luteus washed live cells and incubated for 24 h at 37 C. luteus is capable of surviving in environments Micrococcus - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics If the agar plate is held up to a light source, you can sometimes see through the agar, as is pictured on the left. In a temporal study by Kloos and Musselwhite (1975), it was found that micrococci usually constituted from 1 to 20% of the total aerobic bacteria isolated from the skin of the head, legs, and arms, but less than 1% of those isolated from the high bacterial density areas of the nares and axillae. Micrococcus lutues are Gram positive cocci that are 0.5 to 3.5 m in diameter and arranged in tetrads or irregular clusters. Micrococcus luteus Grown on BrainHeart Infusion Agar, Klebsiella characteristics on MacConkey Agar, Clinical Case Leukocyte Vacoulation Bacterial Infection, Segmented neutrophilic granulocyte during degradation, DIC (Disseminated intravascular coagulation), Creatinine Phosphate Kinase (CPK) and CK-MB Overview. This suggests that some of the Micrococcus species on the basis of ribosomal RNA analysis eventually can be re-classified into other microbial genera. Micrococcus spp. Micrococcus A study with 188 micrococci, identified only to the genus level, demonstrated MICs at achievable concentrations for most -lactams, aminoglycosides, glycopeptides, clindamycin and the most active drug in vitro, rifampin. [1] It is urease and catalase positive. Micrococcus luteusare Gram-positive cocci mostly arranged in tetrads and larger than Staphylococcus. Isolates of the M. luteus have been found to overproduce the riboflavin, Micrococcus Luteus Gram Stain Characteristics, Micrococci have been isolated from the human skin, animal and dairy products, and in beer. Micrococcus luteus is found in lots of places including skin, soil, dust, water, air, mouth, mucosae, oropharynx, and upper respiratory tract of humans (Wikipedia, Micrococcus luteus, 2019). Micrococcus luteus is another gram-positive coccus that also is catalase positive. Although of low virulence, the germs may become more pathogenic in patients with impaired resistance, colonizing the surface of heart valves. Staphylococcus saprophyticus is a Gram-positive, coagulase-negative coccus that is an important part of the group of microorganisms causing urinary tract infections (UTIs), particularly in young sexually active females. Coagulase production is used as a virulence factor by the organism. This is likely either a cause of human error, unpure cultures, or not using agar plates that are fresh enough for the test. Habitat Micrococcus lives in a wide range of environments such as water, soil, and the dust whereas, Staphylococcus lives in the animal body. The antibiotic resistance test showed only minor resistance to the antibiotic Oxacillin, which is likely due to a chance inheritance in the population or complete chance because of the weak strength. Another test I did to identify my isolate was DNA analysis, described in lab handouts 5 and 7. The reactions of the four isolates indicated that they belonged to the species M. Zuteus (Kocur & Martinec, 1972). The name of the genus is also called " Germanized " is written as Micrococcus. M. luteus can also cause septic shocks in immuno-compromised people. In future works with this microbe, I probably would want to purify the culture more and redo the tests. Micrococcus species occur in a wide range of environments, including dust, water, and soil. The partial decomposition of the hemoglobin of the erythrocytes by a weaker hemolysin. I used the PATRIC software to perform a metagenome binning and to assign a taxonomy to the bacteria. They are generally strict aerobes and these can generally reduce nitrate concentration. 2. I also grew it in a MacConkey (MAC) plate to see if it could ferment lactose and if it could grow with both crystal violet and bile salts to further confirm if it was gram negative or positive. The identified reads only made up a total of twenty seven percent of the total reads, but the majority of those reads were for M. luteus. Biochemical Test and Identification of Staphylococcus aureus. Retrieved 06:20, April 16, 2019, from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Micrococcus_luteus&oldid=887698104, Wikipedia contributors. Table 2: Graph of the genomic reads by taxonomic level using Korona. It is reported here that gliotoxin selectively spares a unique class of haemopoietic stem cell that forms large (HPP) colonies in the presence of mixtures of MCSF and IL3. The third image represents the colony morphology of many of the streptococci and enterococci. Other articles where Micrococcus luteus is discussed: Micrococcus: found in milk, such as M. luteus, M. varians, and M. freudenreichii, are sometimes referred to as milk micrococci and can result in spoilage of milk products. Coagulase, which is an enzyme involved in the conversion of serum fibrinogen to fibrin, causes the clotting of plasma. This presentation will focus on the laboratory tests useful for the differentiation among the families as opposed to the more complicated differentiation and identification of the organisms within the different genera. Like MSA, this medium also contains the pH indicator, phenol red. Micrococcus Luteus is a gram positive, non-motile, non-sporing cocci belonging to micrococcea family. Online Copy of Unknown ID Chart.xlsx - Biochemical Pr Luteus is an obligate aerobe (medical. Microdase (Modified Oxidase) Test- Principle, Procedure, Results It shows that the sample contains bacteria from the Terrabacteria group. M. luteus has the capability to show dormancy without the formation of spores. Basics of Differentiation of Gram Positive Cocci, Author: Karen Krisher Microbes are too small to be seen by the naked eye; they can survive in conditions that many would think are unlivable like the anaerobic environment in the rumen of cows, hot springs, and cold Antarctic waters (What are microbes, 2010). [8], Norwegian researchers in 2013 found a M. luteus strain that synthesizes a pigment that absorbs wavelengths of light from 350 to 475 nanometers. The staphylococci are characterized by the formation of clusters of many cocci. Characteristics. Methods: To start isolating the bacterium, I used a sterile swab wet with deionized water provided by the lab to pick up bacteria from the shower drain. In the presence of atmospheric oxygen, the oxidase enzyme reacts with the oxidase reagent and cytochrome C to form the coloured compound, indophenol indicated as blue or purplish-blue colouration on the disc after the introduction of the bacterial colony on the disc. The genus Micrococcus consists of Gram-positive spheres occurring in tetrads and in irregular clusters that are usually non-motile and non-spore-forming. Micrococcus luteus - Citizendium The data on the GC content of the DNA, chemical cell wall analysis, and a comparative analysis of the 16S rRNA sequences. It may appear in irregular clusters, groups of four or eight. Biochemical 1- Catalase (+ve) 2- Coagulase (-ve) Micrococcus luteus | bacteria | Britannica Micrococcus luteus biochemical test result. - ResearchGate I chose to sample bacteria from inside my roommates nose. CATALASE TEST: Catalases are enzymes that convert hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) into water and oxygen gas. After you have cultivated your organism on agar media, the next step is the microscopic examination. Motility (Motile / Non-Motile) Non-Motile. The categorization of bacteria in the clinical laboratory is based on the reactivity of the organism when stained by the Grams staining reagents. // I repeated this process three more times to further purify the colony. It is essential for differentiating catalase-positive Micrococcaceae from catalase-negative Streptococcaceae. I also had to do the thyoglycate test 3 times to get a conclusive result, further making me skeptical of how active the culture was during the physical tests during week 6, which is where almost all of the inconsistencies arose. Evaluation of Antibacterial Properties of Iranian Medicinal-Plants against Micrococcus Luteus, Serratia Marcescens, Klebsiella Pneumoniae and Bordetella Bronchoseptica.. Difference Between Micrococcus and Staphylococcus - Pediaa.Com Label the slide with the name of the organism; Place 15 - 20 uL of the culture in the middle of the slide After observation of the colony and microscopic morphology, the production of catalase by the isolate is documented. Micrococcus - microbewiki - Kenyon College We were aiming to isolate a bacterium from this initial environmental sample by using repeated quadrant streaks to isolate single species colonies, therefore producing a pure culture that we could do a multitude of tests on which include Gram staining, genetic analysis and antibiotic testing along with many other tests. It is a gram positive, coccus shaped microbe, and contains catalase. M. luteus has one of the smallest genomes of all the bacteria. Wikipedia contributors. Micrococcus Public Health Agency of Canada., Public Health England. My goal in this experiment was to isolate, characterize and identify a bacterial colony that arose from a sample taken from my roommates nose. So far there are two genome sequences that have been done.
