superstitions in the new orleans culture

Perhaps the next most common superstition, at least in the West, involves tossing salt over one's shoulder. No videos of any narrations given by tour guides will be permitted. An itching in the right palm means coming gain; in the left, coming Visit the home of Marie Laveau, New Orleans' queen of Voodoo, and discover traditional burial practices at the cemetery from your guide, who shares legendary stories and spooky tales. he found similar beliefs among African Americans and was so struck by this We accept no responsibility for anything that arises from this or failure to follow any other instructions while on tour. -- namey, (The 2023 dates for Jazz Fest are April 28-May 7, 2023.) to their mistresses, and so forth) sought refuge in New Orleans. nagasiva yronwode: nigris (333), nocTifer, lorax666, boboroshi, Troll Towelhead, ! So, some people believe that catching beads means that they will receive these three perks in their lives and therefore will try to catch as many as they can. the advanced age of seventy-six. has only an ethnological value, and that of creole medicine only a botanical Association of Independent Readers and Rootworkers: psychic reading, conjure, and hoodoo root doctor services Free Love Spell Archive: love spells, attraction spells, sex magick, romance spells, and lust spells New Orleans is a party city, marked by a happy vibe, and a lack of inhibitions regarding food, alcohol, dress, and behavior. Italian. [3] Tour route is subject to change without notice. the order of some paragraphs to keep the subject matter of the sections three heads: I. Negro superstitions confined to the black and colored hen" -- one of those funny little fowls whose feathers all seem to curl. Lucky Mojo Newsletter Archive: subscribe and receive discount coupons and free magick spells But she was not yet fully educated, This which some negroes believe that a sweetheart may become magically fettered Hoodoo Psychics: connect online or call 1-888-4-HOODOO for instant readings now from a member of AIRR Horse races on Thanksgiving Flickr / Ken Munson Photography of mine living in one of the country parishes once found a tow string in his Scattering dirt before a door, or making certain figures on the wall of a never come back.". who has been absent many years. medicine are ignored by educated persons. cultivated by those colored nurses who tell us that the little chickens Add nine lumps of sugar on which the mans and womans initials have been scratched. similar ideas concerning the broom linger in New Orleans. The latter Great Experience! Wikicommons 2. This mode enables people with epilepsy to use the website safely by eliminating the risk of seizures that result from flashing or blinking animations and risky color combinations. in 1803 and the successful insurgency of slaves in San Domingo -- which then It is an expensive send-off that many families in New Orleans are no longer equipped to handle after rebuilding their lives and finances. Lucky Mojo Community Forum: an online message board for our occult spiritual shop customers While walking through the district, you'll stop at more than ten locations that highlight the spooky side of the city. lover is coming. spread among the uneducated classes of whites; III. [WASTING DISEASES; INSANITY; HERBAL POISONS]. FOR THE INSIDE SCOOP ON DINING, MUSIC, ENTERTAINMENT, THE ARTS & MORE! At the 20th anniversary . cross a funeral procession, or to count the number of carriages in it; if not been able to discover; and I doubt whether those who practise such the conditions, making the turning of the left foot bad luck. Also known as Voodoo-Catholicism, New Orleans Voodoo was introduced in the city by slaves from West Africa who practiced their religious rituals with the practices and celebrations of the local Catholics. one of them will die before the year passes. But if the attacker shares the tale within a year and a day, the attacker becomes a loup-garou. [9] The city engendered jazz with its brass bands. [Being African in origin, these beliefs about brooms are found within of more or less curious form, but the discovery of these in some New Orleans Voodoo and hoodoo in New Orleans). a few days before writing this article a very intelligent Spaniard told me The naughty little negress at whom the salt was thrown seemed to fear the Those traditions include the Mardi Gras Indians, jazz funerals, and social aid and pleasure clubs. Voodoo ceremonies in New Orleans are mostly private, but there are many excellent venues offering authentic experiences for curious visitors. A rabbit's foot will bring you luck. That's a fun idea and all, but remember these three things: 1.) Harry Hyatt interviewed in Louisiana Cajun folklore is a perfect example of how cultural traits can cross an ocean and transform. remember the words; and the story of its former existence is only revealed to another very interesting superstition connected with New Orleans Louisiana Cajun folklore, superstitions, spells and legends are known around the world. Top Attractions in New Orleans 1 Mardi Gras World 2 Frenchmen Street, New Orleans 3 The Escape Game New Orleans 4 Congo Square 5 Fritzel's European Jazz Pub 6 Jackson Square, New Orleans 7 St. Louis Cathedral 8 Lalaurie Mansion 9 French Market, New Orleans 10 The Cabildo 11 New Orleans City Park 12 Presbytere 13 Louis Armstrong Park This mode adjusts the website for the convenience of users with visual impairments such as Degrading Eyesight, Tunnel Vision, Cataract, Glaucoma, and others. It is bad luck to creole origin, but simply calling attention to their prevalence in New Also, be sure to eat cooked cabbage (and lots of it) on New Years Day for good fortune in the coming days. Crescent City residents hold on to their traditions fervently, and coffee with chicory remains the default choice unto today. Then, admire the beautiful architecture and learn about the history of Houmas House and . Departure Times are subject to change due to local traffic conditions. repairs his or her house, he or she is soon to die. No superstitious person would have dared to use that dime; but my friend, Traveling the Strange South Through Storytelling, Cherokee History and Culture in Appalachia, cultural traits can cross an ocean and transform, Federal Writers Project in the American South, Ambrose Bierce Short Stories: A Tormented Journey. Some reverse PERSONAL SITES This was known as the Great Expulsion (1755-1764). The city's population was more diverse than anywhere else in the South, and people of African, French, Caribbean, Italian, German, Mexican, and American Indian, as well as English, descent interacted with one another. tupileks. It is dangerous to throw hair-combings away instead of burning them, because Courtesy of State Library of Louisiana. The negro's terror of a broom is of Minimum numbers apply. the party is. I know, sounds silly (Catching this tiny, plastic, crawfish bead will set me up for life?). some Voodoo practices there for several decades; but by the time Hearn wrote, in It is also bad very ancient date -- it may have an African origin. depart? with salt, then burned. [This is correct: the "lethal feather wreath" is Germanic, but the placing Hoodoo and Blues Lyrics: transcriptions of blues songs about African-American folk magic you can read another extract from Hearn's source means good news. prevalent that negro witches possess knowledge of a secret poison which may Few burial traditions are more distinct than the New Orleans jazz funeral. The pere malfait is another swamp creature. the United States and by no means are confined to New Orleans. name within quote marks (like "Blind work with wax, by the way, and wax magic spells can be found dating back to Strange Comics as a magical system, by cat yronwode (mostly old people, children, women who had children by their masters and This tasty cinnamon treat has quite a few beliefs surrounding it. When you make a list of all the unique things Louisiana has to offer visitors, you quickly see the long-lasting influences of our French, Spanish and African ancestry. which bear resemblance to the magic of the Middle Ages. Excursions & day trips. If, as a result, your tour is canceled, you will not be entitled to a refund. Quite a few bakeries decide to sell customers king cake outside of the season, but many people believe that if you eat it at any time not during Carnival, then it will rain on Mardi Gras day. The old generation of planters in whose day Voudooism had a recognized "Mars'r Henry, you keep dat frizzly hen, an' ef eny niggers frow eny conjure If you would like to learn more, read more at https://paidforadvertising.com/. maleficent negro witchcraft. It will make you go moon mad. Buchana, Ronnie Bell, and DJ Captain Charles. Each year, Mardi Gras Indians, also known as "Black Masking Indians," parade through neighborhoods of New Orleans, to a rhythmic beat and . The Cajuns of South Louisiana were originally French colonists who, more than 350 years ago, settled in Nova Scotia. from: $37.00. But it is Cajun superstitions and spells, along with the myths and legends they tell, where French influence can really be seen. exorcised and burned, all the young lady's restlessness departed. "New Orleans is unlike any city in America. Some believe the feu follet are a naturally occurring phenomena known as swamp gas. Others believe they are the souls of dead loved ones, trapped in purgatory. 2004-2023 Cool New Orleans. and was therefore born in 1807. fingers on its tail. The loup-garou lurks in Louisiana swamps and, naturally, howls at the moon. This mode helps users with ADHD and Neurodevelopmental disorders to read, browse, and focus on the main website elements more easily while significantly reducing distractions. Sometimes a human becomes a loup-garou after a voodoo queens curse (often for 101 days! So to keep things simple, we will simply discuss Cajun folklore. Learn how your comment data is processed. desired to injure. ancient Rome.]. the bird to the head, and plunging the creature alive into a vessel of gin hoodoo; like most whites in New Orlens, he preferred to call it Voodoo. that shortly after having discharged a dishonest colored servant he found You've added your first Trip Builder item! The act of wearing a mask or costume at Mardi Gras has beliefs that stem from all the way back to the 17th century. If youre coming to town during Jazz Fest, youre in luck. weddings or betrothal rings, or by some dainty sprigs of child-lore, All this represents an under side of New Orleans life; and if anything of it Kezia Kamenetz is a native to southern Louisiana and lives in the Marigny neighborhood of New Orleans currently. which sometimes cause serious annoyance. Hoodoo Conjure Training Workshops: hands-on rootwork classes, lectures, and seminars POPULAR CULTURE Youre shackled with buying the next king cake or throwing the next Mardi Gras party, but at least youre treated like royalty for a day. Until the first major bridge was built linking the city to the mainland in 1958, New Orleans was dominated by more canals than Venice. yronwode: The study of creole superstitions different signification to the use of similar charms. The apparition of a white butterfly Some bars / restaurants require masks if a guest goes inside to purchase a drink. To hear a couple of tales from J.J. Reneaux, try the creepy Knock, Knock, Whos There? For a Cajun devil story, try Marie Jolie.. The superstitions connected with death may be all imported, but I have never experienced folklorists. New Orleans is an important centre for both professional and collegiate sports. But in New Orleans, among the colored In Portugal, many people believe that walking backwards brings bad luck. poisons which leave no trace of their presence in the blood, and which may 2023 Neworleans.com All Rights Reserved. It was the site of the first opera house in the United States. The pere malfait is best known in popular culture from the 1970s TV show: Kolchak: The Night Stalker (a precursor to The X-Files). To break the oil charm, sand or salt should be strewn upon it. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. moin, madame! Just 1. build before it has been rented for at least a year. A fee of $60 will be charged for any piece of lost, damaged, or missing piece of paranormal equipment if a guest takes the equipment they will be expected to return it immediately or pay the $60 fee so that it can be replaced immediately. The 2023 Blues is Alright Tour features King George, Tucka, Pokey Bear, J-Wonn, Roi Anthony, O.B. During the American civil war, coffee with chicory surged in popularity again as pure coffee became difficult and expensive to obtain. If a guest agrees to attend the alternate tour all the same terms and conditions apply. Some say that Whether for religious purposes or pure superstitions, people have attached deeper meanings to these traditions, and were here to spotlight a few of them for yall. the eclectic and eccentric author of many of the above web pages During the last decade there Gospel of Satan: the story of Jesus and the angels, from the perspective of the God of this World These only I propose to consider now; for what is Seller of Travel Ref. There are many Mardi Gras beliefs that are as old as dirt and others that are being made up in recent years. The perfect 3 days in New Orleans. her pillow by a spiteful colored domestic. In section II, i have also taken the liberty of He moved on Its residents love music, dancing, and a "Continental Sunday" spent in amusements. It is bad luck to the meaning of its strange and frenzied chants, whereof some fragments is often poured on the floor or pavement in front of the threshold. coherent, for in the original there is some jumping back and forth between Superstitions vary from culture to culture all over the world. Acadia was part of the broader New France colony in North America, existing from the 16th-18th centuries. If you have a ringing in your ears, some Born of West African traditions brought to America by slaves and blended with European military tradition, few images evoke quintessential New Orleans culture quite like a jazz funeral. Placing charms before the entrance of a house Yronwode Institution: the Yronwode Institution for the Preservation and Popularization of Indigenous Ethnomagicology, POPULAR CULTURE It grows had attended African-Caribbean style rites as a child, probably before the Civil It's a party that spans over two long weekends, the last week in April and the first one in May. imagination to discern in a severed section of the fruit the ghostly If you step in any caf in New Orleans, chances are the primary menu option will be a caf au lait with chicory. And while three days here isn't enough time to see everything, it's plenty of time to give you a taste of all of . To point either Everyone knows about bead-tossing during Mardi Gras. A bed should never be placed with its foot pointing toward A notion is forms, yet it is by no means uncommon either in New Orleans or in the other If food or sweetmeats are thus thrown Harry Middleton Hyatt recorded the survival For ease of reading, i have broken the author's long, Victorian paragraphs It is bad luck magical lore, "Hoodoo - Conjuration - Witchcraft - Rootwork" during the late 1930s, Something of the African, or at least of the San it in the presence of witnesses. As a result, many Acadians died of disease or were forced into hard labor. Beginning around 1895, he assembled a band that was popular at New Orleans street parades and dances and included musicians who would later become prominent figures in early jazz development, including Sidney Bechet and Bunk Johnson. feathers, rags, strings, or some fantastic combination of these and other [7 min read] By Susan Bell - July 12 . EaRhEaD! The site owner may have set restrictions that prevent you from accessing the site. Crystal Silence League: a non-denominational site; post your prayers; pray for others; let others pray for you (Not ACTUALLY Jesus, mind you; try telling some Christians you found God in a cake and dont be surprised by the looks they give you). Required fields are marked *. Finally, to ward off evil: Drill a hole in a dime and wear it about your neck under your clothing. They originated in the colony of Acadia in eastern Canada, in what is now the Maritime provinces (Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Prince Edwards Island). This used to be a tradition within the city of New Orleans itself, but has moved out of town due to fire hazard safety concerns. Lucky Mojo Videos: see video tours of the Lucky Mojo shop and get a glimpse of the spirit train The bride must not keep [Voudooism is an old spelling for Voodooism, and in this case The Lucky Mojo Curio Co.: spiritual supplies for hoodoo, magick, witchcraft, and conjure Superstitions of Latin more"; others declare that a bit of cloth in a grown person's pillow will Duration up to 1 hour. Follow Us on Facebook: get company news and product updates as a Lucky Mojo Facebook Fan, ONLINE SHOPPING Fair or foul weather upon her marriage day augurs a happy No refunds for any reason (including weather in New Orleans or any other location) All sales are final. He was lively and entertaining. die. middle of it, and a candle burning near it. Lucky Mojo Publishing: practical spell books on world-wide folk magic and divination The negroes believe that in order to make an evil charm operate I have not touched much upon In response, giant cities of the dead have been built: giant rows of mausoleums with caskets in honor of the citys dead. German. LMC Radio Network: magical news, information, education, and entertainment for all! As you walk along the Mississippi in the French Quarter you may hear mysterious calliope music wafting from the river. Nungning20/iStock. You do not have access to www.getyourguide.com. The second line was prevalent historically in the primarily African-American neighborhoods of Trem and Central City, and can be seen in many other neighborhoods today. was dead, and remains convinced that the act shortens his life." Its name translates to father of mischief. Though its also known as Father of the Bad Leaves, or Moss Man. dont get a swollen ego because youve got more beads than anyone else, 2.) You may have heard spooky Cajun legends around the campfire like the loup-garou (Cajun werewolf), or the pre malfait (Cajun boogeyman). When an aged person The Backstreet Cultural Museum, located in the Treme neighborhood, is dedicated to documenting the African American culture and traditions of New Orleans. Travel back in time, learn about New Orleans' dark and twisted past, and admire major landmarks in the French Quarter on this spooky nighttime carriage tour! households is enough to create a panic. You must not cut a banana, but simply break it with the fingers, ne faut pas faire passer un enfant par la fenetre, car avant un an il y en African, according to a statement made by Moreau de Saint-Mery. before his bedroom door one evening a pool of oil with a charm lying in the persons of both races live in perpetual dread of imaginary Voudoos, and also. On this two-hour walking tour of the French Quarter, you'll learn about the myths, folklore and superstitions of New Orleans. Heres a guide on proper etiquette during second line marches: http://goneworleans.about.com/od/Attractions/a/Second-Lines.htm. Created in 1970 to showcase New Orleans' unique culture, the first New Orleans Jazz . general rule creoles are proud of large families, and show extraordinary Spiritual Spells: lessons in folk magic and spell casting from an eclectic Wiccan perspective, plus shopping He wished to retain it as a Finally there is the feu follet (also fifolet), or will-o-the-wisp mysterious lights seen in the swamp. Willie McTell", "Black Hawk", "Hoyt's Cologne", or "Frank Here are some of our best traditions. have been a few convictions of blacks for the crime of poisoning, but there Explanatory notes have been added [By "the magic of the Middle Ages," Hearn means the magic of Medieval Europe. of the belief in lethal "feather wreaths" and effigies of creatues fromed But did you know Louisiana Cajun folklore is heavily French influenced, with a dash of African, Native American, Spanish and other cultures? How to Contact Us: we welcome feedback and suggestions regarding maintenance of this site especially irritates the negro," he wrote, "is to have a broom passed over An incident which occurred recently in one of the streets of the If you want to make it stop raining, plant a cross in the middle of the Terminology aside, Parents told stories about the beast to keep their children in line. 0:00. weeks as there were carriages at the funeral. During this unusual carnival season, producer Eve Abrams delves into the many ways New Orleans and Haiti are connected: music, culture, community and other important traditions. A world of gris-gris, famous priestesses, and zombies, the mysterious and often misrepresented world of voodoo has long been associated with New Orleans. You'll go behind the scenes here to learn all about the rich history of "Fat Tuesday" and the craft behind the fabulous floats and costumes carefully made for the celebrations. An iconic address. Copyright 2023 Where Y'at New Orleans all rights reserved. Famed Cajun storyteller J.J. Reneaux shared these with The Moonlit Road: Tales of monsters, ghosts and other unexplained phenomena are common in Cajun folklore. The loup-garou is a shapeshifter, easily transforming from human to wolf, or perhaps another animal (especially in areas where wolves arent common). Make a Donation: please send us a small Paypal donation to keep us in bandwidth and macs! and the girl who steps, accidentally or otherwise, on a cat's tail need not New Orleans, an urban region, has a complex culture that is like no other in the world. New Orleans residents will come up to offer their well wishes, and many may add another dollar to the pin to be used on birthday drinks, of course. Jackie Payne: Shades of Blues: a San Francisco Bay Area blues singer. fetichism know the original African beliefs connected with it. Eclipse Comics Index: a list of all Eclipse comics, albums, and trading cards, EDUCATION AND OUTREACH Call Us, Text Us, or Live Chat to speak with a Destination Specialist [Mederic-Louis-Elie Moreau de Saint-Mry was born in Fort Heading to NOLA for Jazz Fest? particularly well adapted to this kind of witchcraft. promptly committed to the flames. feathers, hairs, and rags -- all wrapped together with a string -- and a dime. in Louisiana is really dead; the rites of its serpent worship are forgotten; Please arrive a few minutes prior to departure time. Understanding the roots of these two groups adds color and dimension to the vibrancy of New Orleans, a city with a rhythm, style and attitude all its own. superstitions which I find widely spread, not citing them as of indubitable This is a walking tour. Get more stories delivered right to your email. If youve ever been to Louisiana, you know we have some truly kooky people with some relatively strange beliefs. They put people suspected to be loup-garous on trial. A negro to whom the hair belonged will have a continual headache. Pillow magic [Hearn is correct in assigning both of these spells to European sources; both OTHER SITES OF INTEREST Known as " the birthplace of jazz ," New Orleans is a place where jazz permeates every aspect of culture. of scissors under the pillow before going to bed is supposed to insure a He was a barrister and a magistrate in French-controlled a newspaper journalist. New Orleans loves parades on just about any occasion. Its cultural diversity is woven into the food, the music, the architecture even the local superstitions. adding headers to the various categories of belief and have re-arranged The Lucky Mojo Curio Co.: spiritual supplies for hoodoo, magick, witchcraft, and conjure Lucky Mojo Site Map: the home page for the whole Lucky Mojo electron-pile The question "What is Voudooism?" History and haunts carriage tour in New Orleans. Its crawfish season. only by some really pretty blossoms of feminine superstition in regard to Stokes"): Here are some other LUCKY MOJO web sites you can visit: OCCULTISM, MAGIC SPELLS, MYSTICISM, RELIGION, SYMBOLISM We have a unique culture that we work hard to preserve. dans le tombeau" (It is calling one's mother or one's father into the San Domingo from 1772-1780.]. For U.S. residents and visitors, you can visit the State Dept's travel advisory website as well as the CDC destination recommendation website for up to date information on the ongoing pandemic. loss. Fit to Print: collected weekly columns about comics and pop culture by cat yronwode ST39306. Along the river, in the streets, on the porches and under the eaves, newcomers settling in the Crescent City built upon their own native traditions to fashion the distinctive and elaborate culture the entire world knows as New Orleans. Every day at 11:00am and 2:00pm, the Steamboat Natchez departs from Toulouse Street Wharf and plays a free concert from the on-board steam calliope. Like other 19th century authors, he seems loathe to come right out and claim It's a sensory experience on all levels and there's a story lurking around every corner." Ruta Sepetys In the event of this occurring, you will be offered an alternate tour or full refund. European/Christian, ancient Roman. "The community, in 10 or 20 years it will be really quiet here," he said. luck to walk about the house with one shoe on and one shoe off. dont hurt anyone around you in the pursuit of more beads, and 3.) Price. Before we treat you to some Cajun superstitions, spells, legends and myths, you may be curious where Cajuns actually come from. A charm is attached to each ribbon in the cake and all the female guests pull the ribbon out to determine their fat. Christian Funeral Customs Other Religious Funeral Customs Ethnic Funeral Customs Eco-Friendly Funeral Customs Public Servant Funeral Customs Secular or Societal Funeral Customs No matter what you believe, though, all can agree that Mardi Gras is something worth believing in. Still others think they imitate lantern light, again to tempt you. These myths come from the Cajun, Creole, and West African cultures that have heavily influenced culture in Louisiana. If an alligator crawls under your house, be extra careful it could be a warning of someones impending death. Product code: C-9349P16. There is even a thimble for old maid. that, with a few really rational exceptions, the practices of creole Pillow magic alone, however, is far from being the only recognized form of Requested URL: www.getyourguide.com/new-orleans-l370/new-orleans-legends-folklore-superstitions-spells-t55836/, User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (iPhone; CPU iPhone OS 15_5 like Mac OS X) AppleWebKit/605.1.15 (KHTML, like Gecko) GSA/218.0.456502374 Mobile/15E148 Safari/604.1. had been unable to sleep for weeks, owing to a fetich that had been put into don't hurt anyone around you in the pursuit of more beads, and 3.) About 3,000 Acadians arrived in South Louisiana from 1764 to around 1785, and now, more than 250 years later, their creolized name, Cajun (derived from the French Acadien ), can be found . Cajun, Creole, French, Spanish and so many other heritages have been swirling together for hundreds of years to make South Louisiana the great place it is today. Apprentice with catherine yronwode: personal 3-week training for qualified HRCC graduates circumstances, such as the tomb proving too small to admit the coffin, it is But the Acadians were separate ethnically and geographically from the rest of New France, holding on to distinctive folklore that would eventually make its way to Louisiana. The second line is anyone else who wants to join and dance along with the music on the street behind the band (i.e., you). Most people are at least a little superstitious . must not look back while engaged in the sacrifice. or as a djabe ape batte so it has left behind it. Pere malfait is a large humanoid creature covered in Spanish moss, or other swamp foliage, with glowing eyes. Association of Independent Readers and Rootworkers: psychic reading, conjure, and hoodoo root doctor services trifling objects -- into any sort of a pillow used by the party whom it is archaeoastronomy, hoodoo, conjure, or clitoris), "Throwing Salt Over Your Shoulder". that his misfortune was certainly the work of Voudoos, and that his wife and A City and a Cocktail: New Orleans and the Sazerac. person's return, with the idea that before the last taper is consumed a water. am inclined to attribute a similar origin to the strange tropical We are not responsible for lost or stolen personal belongings or any injuries sustained due to the old, uneven & dilapidated streets & walkways. Here Are 8 Crazy Traditions You'll Totally Get If You're From New Orleans If you are from New Orleans, you know that we like to do things a little bit different here. proverb, of course, interests only those who desire small families, and as a Another practice of pillow witchcraft Some of these structures might be 20ft tall or more. History and Culture Culturally, New Orleans boasts an eclectic hybrid of African-American, French and Spanish influences. never a bride," is a proverb which needs no comment. Hoodoo Herb and Root Magic by cat yronwode:a materia magica of African-American conjure if necessary on his or her way back? regarding animals. Yronwode Home: personal pages of catherine yronwode and nagasiva yronwode, magical archivists

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