Table 2 SUGGESTED MAXIMUM BASIN AREAS (m2) FOR VARIOUS SOIL TYPES AND AVAILABLE STREAM SIZES (l/sec). Level basins can be constructed like the steps of a staircase and these are called terraces (Figure 8). The following are the Traditional Irrigation methods: 1. check basin method 2. furrow irrigation method 3. strip irrigation method 4. basin irrigation method . B-1 Furrow Irrigation Method. - poor layout, e.g. 2. Irrigation at IW/CPE of 1.0 (I3) resulted in significantly higher pod yield (2123 kg/ha) when compared to I1 and was on par with that of 0.8 IW/CPE ratio (I2). Figure 18 A nearly impermeable layer above which a perched water table is formed. Levelling rice basins can be much simpler. Some parts of the root zone receive too little water and in the lower parts water may pond or be lost through deep percolation. Under this system, the fields on the flat floodplain were divided by earth banks into a series of large basins of varying size but some as large as 50,000 acres (20,000 hectares). Irrigating banana at 1.0 IW/CPE ration (once in 7 days) from 0-7 months and 1.2 IW/CPE ratio (once in 5 days) from 7-14 months recorded higher mean yield of 32.7 t/ha with an increased fruit yield of 2.1 t/ha compared to basin irrigation at 1.0 IW/CPE ratio throughout the crop growth period, besides higher WUE and saving of 140 mm of water. It is a special type of check flooding. There are two methods to supply irrigation water to basins: the direct method and the cascade method. The following steps are involved in the construction of basins: setting out; forming the bunds; and smoothing the land within the basins. Coarse sands are not recommended for basin irrigation as, due to the high infiltration rate, percolation losses can be high. They are sometimes called ridges, dykes or levees. Paddy rice is best grown on clayey soils which are almost impermeable as percolation losses are low. The shape is mainly determined by the slope. However, for other crops on sandy or loamy soils, percolation losses can be excessive while water is flowing through the upper terraces to irrigate the lower ones. Figure 22 shows what happens if too much water is supplied to a basin. On sloping land, where terraces are used, the irrigation water is supplied to the highest terrace, and then allowed to flow to a lower terrace and so on. This can be the most difficult part of basin construction and involves very careful levelling of the land within each basin. These are usually root and tuber crops such as potatoes, cassava, beet and carrots which require loose, well-drained soils. Figure 21 shows what happens If insufficient water is applied to fill the root zone. The size and shape of basins can often be limited by farming practice. Therefore, the use of large inflow stream reduces water spread time over the basin. A terrace is set out by first locating a suitable contour line across the land slope (Figure 11; see also Volume 2). The flatter the land surface, the easier it is to construct basins. The water applied to a desired depth can be retained until it infiltrates into the soil. In Nile River: Irrigation …traditional method emerged, known as basin irrigation. On flat land basins may be square or rectangular in shape (Figure 10). This is the line along which the first bund is constructed. 1. slope of the land is gentle or flat2. This problem can be solved by re-aligning basin boundaries so that each basin contains only one soil type. Permanent bunds are mostly used in rice cultivation, where the same crop is planted on the same fields year after year. It is more efficient method of irrigation arid ensures uniform application of water. This furrow can be smoothed out later or be used as a farm channel or drain. Check basin method of irrigation. rectangular or irregular? Thus the terrace nearest the supply channel is the last to be irrigated. a poorly levelled surface; - poor management, e.g. Bunds or ridges are constructed around the area forming basins within which the irrigation water can be controlled. Machines cannot be used m this method because during spray of insecticides or fertilizers, the earthen walls of basins are damaged. Check basin irrigation is suited for smooth gentle and uniform land slopes and for soils having moderate to low infiltration rates. 5. 1) Free flooding or Ordinary flooding. which circumstances to choose basin irrigation. Basin Irrigation Method A raised platform is created around the trees and bushes. stream size to the basin is large4. - subdivide the basin into smaller basins; smaller basins need a smaller stream size than larger basins. Nayana Kodkani. It has been practised in many areas virtually unchanged for thousands of years. Basins are connected through a ‘Dhora’ (A small drain type flow way), which has raised earthen walls on both sides. When long cascades are used for growing rice it is common practice to allow water to flow continuously into the terraces at low discharge rates. 0. Check flooding and border strip method are two that comes in the bottom. Similarly, if the required irrigation depth is small, then the basin should be small to obtain good water distribution. The part of the basin near the field channel is always in contact with the irrigation water longer than the opposite side of the basin. A distinction has to be made between rice and non-rice or other crops. This consists of two boards set on edge and cross-braced, with a wide opening at the front and a narrow opening at the rear. In this particular method, ditches are dug in the field. Figure 15 shows that "Basin a" is irrigated first, then "Basin b" is irrigated and so on. 4. Temporary bunds are normally 60-120 cm wide at the base and have a height of 1.5-30 cm above the original ground surface, including a freeboard of 10 cm (which means an irrigation depth of 5-20 cm). This basin can be made smaller than this if required and still be irrigated efficiently with the available stream size. Figure 19 shows what happens to the wetting pattern if the soil surface is not level. From Table 2 the maximum basin size for a clay loam soil and an available stream size of 25 l/sec is 1000 m2. Hence, water-use efficiency was significantly higher in basin irrigation (Azizi-Zohan et al., 2009).However, the place in which corms are planted, inside or … In USA also, 66% is by surface irrigation. In the blog, we are going to learn everything about these two with figures. 90% of world’s total irrigated area is under this method. It is also possible to construct basins on sloping land, even when the slope is quite steep. 2.2.2 Shape and dimensions But more area is wasted under bunds and channels. These can be smoothed put and the water in the basin gradually lowered to reveal other high areas. to the shape and size of the bunds. Bunds are small earth embankments which contain irrigation water within basins. Both row crops and close-growing crops are adopted to be used with basins as long as the crop is not affected by temporary inundation or is planted in raised beds so that it will … This method is more useful in soils having lesser infiltration. The check basin method is the most common method of irrigation used in India. These levees can be short or long which are constructed along the contour. If there is a drainage flow then it is possible to reduce the inflow. Comments. These ditches and are on the contour or they are up and down the slope. The other end of the basin remains too dry. a) Border irrigation method b) Basin flooding c) Sprinkler irrigation method d) Furrow irrigation method In this method, rain water stays in basins, hence soil erosion is not caused. Irrigation water is led directly from the field channel into the basin through siphons, spiles or bundbreaks (see also Annex 1). 2.2.2 Shape and dimensions In controlled flooding, water is spread or flooded on a rather… This is called "over-irrigation". Advantages . The basin flooding method is check flooding adapted to orchards. This is not a problem when growing rice, but it is not a recommended procedure for other crops. This can be avoided by reducing the width of basins and thus limiting the depth of excavation. Table 1 provides some guidance on the maximum width of basins or terraces, depending on the land slope. Care is needed when filling in the borrow furrow to ensure the bund height is maintained so that overtopping is avoided. On flat land this involves smoothing out the minor high and low spots so that the differences in level are less than 3 cm. 1. Whichever method is used it is important that the bunds are properly compacted so that leakage cannot occur. Basin irrigation is suitable for many field crops. The percolation losses are high, the plant nutrients are washed away and, on clay soils, the plants may even drown. It is the most common, economical and simple irrigation method check basin irrigation irrigating basins 2) cascade method 29. Terraces are set out so that the bunds are located along contour lines; the differences in elevation within each basin should not be excessive so that the amount of earth movement required to obtain a level land surface is small (see Table 1). field preparation is done by hand or animal traction. In this method (check basin method), the whole field is divided into basins according to the capacity of water. Check method consists of dividing the field into several relatively level plots called checks surrounded by low bunds. There IS imbalance in distribution of labour. 2Layout of check basin method of irrigation Closegrowingcrops likerice, wheat, oilseeds and pulses can be irrigated bythis method. As basin construction is mechanized, the terraces should be as wide as possible. How high should the bund be: 10, 50 or 100 cm? Rats may dig holes in the sides of the bunds. Basin irrigation is the most common form of surface irrigation, particularly in regions with layouts of small fields. Although water may be used efficiently by this approach, frequent irrigation will be necessary to meet crop water needs. This is called "under-irrigation" and is caused by under-estimating the time needed to fill the root zone. This method of smoothing usually destroys the soil structure. Here the field is divided into smaller unit areas so that each has a nearly level surface. Suitability ~ It is suitable for orchards and trees. Chapter 7 discusses under This is a good method to use for paddy rice on clay soils where percolation and seepage losses are low.
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