Haeckel dedicated some species of jellyfish of particular beauty (such as Desmonema annasethe) to his unforgettable wife. and says the Nazis rejected Haeckel, since he opposed antisemitism, while supporting ideas they disliked (for instance atheism, feminism, internationalism, pacifism etc.). [77] Haeckel was also an extreme German nationalist who believed strongly in the superiority of German culture. Ernst Heinrich Philipp August Haeckel was born 1834 in Potsdam, but grew up in Merseburg, just outside of Leipzig. Between 1859 and 1866 Haeckel worked on many phyla, such as radiolarians, poriferans (sponges) and annelids (segmented worms). [71] As a result of the "struggle for existence", it followed that the "lower" races would eventually be exterminated. Though he made no suggestion that embryo illustrations should be directly based on specimens, to him the subject demanded the utmost "scrupulosity and conscientiousness" and an artist must "not arbitrarily model or generalise his originals for speculative purposes" which he considered proved by comparison with works by other authors. 1 Life. [28][29], Haeckel was a flamboyant figure, who sometimes took great, non-scientific leaps from available evidence. [74] This idea was later put into practice by the Third Reich, as part of the Aktion T4 program. His concept of recapitulation has been refuted in the form he gave it (now called "strong recapitulation"), in favour of the ideas first advanced by Karl Ernst von Baer. According to Trend Celeb Now, Ernst Haeckel's estimated Net Worth, Salary, Income, Cars, Lifestyles & much more details has been updated below. He also suffered from several injuries at this time. Today, Haeckel’s botanical illustrations continue to inspire and remind us that the natural world is full of beauty and … For other uses, see, Assessments of potential influence on Nazism. As a philosopher, Ernst Haeckel wrote Die Welträtsel (1895–1899; in English: The Riddle of the Universe, 1901), the genesis for the term "world riddle" (Welträtsel); and Freedom in Science and Teaching to support teaching evolution. Both the Haeckel and … Ernst Haeckel’s most popular book is Art Forms in Nature. Politics. It was alleged that during his time at the University of Jena, he indulged in fraudulent practice but there had been no substantial evidence to back this claim. One of the reasons why Ernst Haeckel is popular worldwide is his ‘Recapitulation Theory’. [46]:288–296, While it has been widely claimed that Haeckel was charged with fraud by five professors and convicted by a university court at Jena, there does not appear to be an independently verifiable source for this claim. Haeckel also claimed that Lemuria connected Asia and Africa, which allowed the migration of humans to the rest of the world.[43][44]. Haeckel’s grief was desperate. Contents . He died on 9 August 1919, at the age of 85, in Jena, Germany. In a matter of five years, ranging from 1869 to 1873, Haeckel travelled to several nations such as Norway, Croatia, Egypt, Greece and Turkey for his research. Ernst Haeckel Net Worth. p. 518. illustrations of animals and sea creatures, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex, Kristallseelen : Studien über das anorganische Leben, "Ernst Haeckel's contribution to Evo-Devo and scientific debate: a re-evaluation of Haeckel's controversial illustrations in US textbooks in response to creationist accusations", "Ernst Haeckel (1834–1919): The German Darwin and his impact on modern biology", Race, Racism, and Science: Social Impact and Interaction, "Pictures of evolution and charges of fraud: Ernst Haeckel's embryological illustrations", "Ernst Haeckel and the Struggles over Evolution and Religion", http://soviet-trawler.narod.ru/pages/gdr/ernst_haeckel.html, E. Haeckel: Natürliche Schöpfungsgeschichte 1868 (front page of 1st edition, German), E. Haeckel: Die Welträthsel 1899 (front page of 1st edition, German). [51] Recent analyses (Richardson 1998, Richardson and Keuck 2002) have found that some of the criticisms of Haeckel's embryo drawings were legitimate, but others were unfounded. 1.1 Politics; 1.2 "First World War" 2 Research; 3 Polygenism and racial theory. Haeckel's writings and lectures were later used to provide scientific justifications for racism, nationalism, and social … He even formally named this missing link Pithecanthropus alalus, translated as "ape man without speech". It was here that the biologist also discovered his love for art. His father was a government official who worked at Merseburg. On 17 October 1866 he arrived in London. [60], The ratfish, Harriotta haeckeli is named in his honor. [31], The creationist polygenism of Samuel George Morton and Louis Agassiz, which presented human races as separately created species, was rejected by Charles Darwin, who argued for the monogenesis of the human species and the African origin of modern humans. As a philosopher, Ernst Haeckel wrote Die Welträthsel (1895–1899; in English: The Riddle of the Universe, 1901), the genesis for the term "world riddle" (Welträtsel); and Freedom in Science and Teaching [7] to support teaching evolution. The … [83], Nazis themselves divided on the question of whether Haeckel should be counted as a pioneer of their ideology. Richardson & Keuck 2001. [32] As Haeckel stated:[33]. [23], However, Haeckel's books were banned by the Nazi Party, which refused Monism and Haeckel's freedom of thought. He presented his recapitulation theory- ‘ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny’ in German, which became controversial subject during his time. See also 300 dpi scan of titel page. In 1907, Haeckel was honored with the title of Excellency by Kaiser Wilhelm II; and in 1908, he was awarded the Darwin-Wallace Medal by the Linnean Society of London. Together with Hermann Steudner he attended botany lectu… It was a bestselling, provocatively illustrated book in German, titled Natürliche Schöpfungsgeschichte, published in Berlin in 1868, and translated into English as The History of Creation in 1876. [12] He sold his "Villa Medusa" in Jena in 1918 to the Carl Zeiss foundation, which preserved his library. [87] Eventually Nazis rejected Haeckel because his evolutionary ideas could not be reconciled with Nazi ideology. Ernst Haeckel was born in 1834, to a family of lawyers in Potsdam, on the outskirts of Berlin. He happened to meet his idol Charles Darwin during this trip. Books . Another famous claim of Ernst Haeckel, which grabbed the world’s attention, was his opinion on human evolution. 1, pp. Ernst Haeckel was born on February 16, 1834, in Potsdam (then part of Prussia).In 1852, Haeckel completed studies at Cathedral High School (Domgymnasium) of Merseburg.He then studied medicine in Berlin and biology at Würzburg, particularly with Albert von Kölliker, Franz Leydig, Rudolf Virchow (with whom he later worked briefly as assistant), and with anatomist-physiologist Johannes Peter Müller (1801–1858). [18][19], Haeckel's wife, Agnes, died in 1915, and he became substantially frailer, breaking his leg and arm. He saw the social sciences as instances of "applied biology", and that phrase was picked up and used for Nazi propaganda. Ernst Heinrich Philipp August Haeckel (German: [ˈʔɛɐ̯nst ˈhɛkl̩]; 16 February 1834 – 9 August 1919[1]) was a German zoologist, naturalist, eugenicist, philosopher, physician, professor, marine biologist, and artist who discovered, described and named thousands of new species, mapped a genealogical tree relating all life forms, and coined many terms in biology, including ecology,[2] phylum,[3] phylogeny,[4] and Protista. Ernst Haeckel died on August 9, 1919. [57][citation needed], In Jena he is remembered with a monument at Herrenberg (erected in 1969),[58] an exhibition at Ernst-Haeckel-Haus,[59] and at the Jena Phyletic Museum, which continues to teach about evolution and share his work to this day. Ernst Haeckel’s art became very popular as it paired colorful lithographs with information about these scientific marvels of nature. Ernst Heinrich Philipp August Haeckel was born in Potsdam, Prussia, on February 16, 1834, to Karl Haeckel and Charlotte Sethe Haeckel. He also interacted with other renowned biologists such as Thomas Huxley and Charles Lyell. PNG alpha-transparencies of Haeckel's "Kustformen der natur", aDiatomea: artificial life experiment with 3d generated diatoms, influenced by Haeckel, Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom, Relationship between religion and science, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Haeckel&oldid=1006877895, Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links, Articles lacking reliable references from November 2015, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2019, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Botanist identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers, Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers, Wikipedia articles with RKDartists identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with multiple identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 15 February 2021, at 08:35. ), German zoologist and evolutionist who was a strong proponent of Darwinism and who proposed new notions of the evolutionary descent of human beings. His work continues to influence scientific research, but it also inspired the art, design, and architecture of the early 20th century. For example, Haeckel described and named hypothetical ancestral microorganisms that have never been found. His father was the chief administrator for religious and educational affairs in Merseburg, while his mother was the daughter of a privy councillor in Berlin. It mentioned von Baer's 1828 anecdote (misattributing it to Louis Agassiz) that at an early stage embryos were so similar that it could be impossible to tell whether an unlabelled specimen was of a mammal, a bird, or of a reptile, and Darwin's own research using embryonic stages of barnacles to show that they are crustaceans, while cautioning against the idea that one organism or embryonic stage is "higher" or "lower", or more or less evolved. Haeckel's wife, Agnes, died in 1915, and Ernst Haeckel became substantially more frail, with a broken leg (thigh) and broken arm. "Haeckel's embryos continued". Haeckel did his schooling from Cathedral high school at Merseburg. With each of these human species, language developed on its own and independently of the others. His chief interests lay in evolution and life development processes in general, including development of nonrandom form, which culminated in the beautifully illustrated Kunstformen der Natur (Art forms of nature). As a philosopher, Ernst Haeckel wrote Die Welträthsel (1895–1899; in English: The Riddle of the Universe, 1901), the genesis for the term "world riddle" (Welträtsel); and Freedom in Science and Teaching[7] to support teaching evolution. He went to Domgymnasium High School and finished in 1852 then joined Berlin and Wurzburg where he pursued a course in medicine. [15], From 1866 to 1867 Haeckel made an extended journey to the Canary Islands with Hermann Fol. These separate languages had completed the transition from animals to man, and under the influence of each main branch of languages, humans had evolved – in a kind of Lamarckian use-inheritance – as separate species, which could be subdivided into races. He then studied medicine in Berlin and Würzburg, particularly with Albert von Kölliker, Franz Leydig, Rudolf Virchow (with whom he later worked briefly as assistant), and with the anatomist-physiologist Johannes Peter Müller (1801–1858). His parents wanted Haeckel to pursue medicine and the obedient son that he was, Ernst went to the renowned ‘University Of Berlin’ to pursue a degree in medicine. Ernst Haeckel: Die Radiolarien (RHIZOPODA RADIARIA) Berlin, 1862 Press on the icons above to see enlargement (100 dpi). [36], In his Ontogeny and Phylogeny Harvard paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould wrote: "[Haeckel's] evolutionary racism; his call to the German people for racial purity and unflinching devotion to a 'just' state; his belief that harsh, inexorable laws of evolution ruled human civilization and nature alike, conferring upon favored races the right to dominate others ... all contributed to the rise of Nazism. A summit in Eastern Nevada, has been named ‘Mount Haeckel’ in his honour. "[37], In his introduction to the Nazi party ideologue Alfred Rosenberg's 1930 book, The Myth of the Twentieth Century, Peter Peel affirms that Rosenberg had indeed read Haeckel. 7, showing His's drawing of the forelimb of a deer embryo developing a clef, compared with a similar drawing (Sakurai, 1906) showing the forelimb initially developing as a digital plate with rays. Haeckel was also the first to regard psychology as a branch of physiology. To meet his publisher's need for a popular work he used a student's transcript of his lectures as the basis of his Natürliche Schöpfungsgeschichte of 1868, presenting a comprehensive presentation of evolution. Some historians have seen Haeckel's social Darwinism as a forerunner to Nazi ideology. After studying at Würtzburg, in 1857 he obtained a medical degree from the University of Berlin under pressure from his family. [72] He was also a social Darwinist who believed that "survival of the fittest" was a natural law, and that struggle led to improvement of the race. These remains are among the oldest hominid remains ever found. Some of his finest scientific artworks … ‘Ecology’, ‘Phylum’ and ‘Protista’ are a few of the jargon that came into existence due to Ernst Haeckel. Although he contributed much to the theory of evolution, he was best remembered for his extensive work on radiolarian. Haeckel took particular care over the illustrations, changing to the leading zoological publisher Wilhelm Engelmann of Leipzig and obtaining from them use of illustrations from their other textbooks as well as preparing his own drawings including a dramatic double page illustration showing "early", "somewhat later" and "still later" stages of 8 different vertebrates. Ernst Haeckel and the Struggle over Evolutionary Thought. [12] Together with Hermann Steudner he attended botany lectures in Würzburg.
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