In this phase, operational management processes are fully automated. The important features that are required for the management of backups are as follows −, Backups are taken only to protect against data loss. Process managers are responsible for maintaining the flow of data both into and out of the data warehouse. Structuring the data increases the query performance and decreases the operational cost. True or False: When cloning a database, schema or table creates a copy of the source object along with any privileges? The information generated in this process is used by the warehouse management process to determine which aggregations to generate. Generally a data warehouses adopts a three-tier architecture. Summary Information is a part of data warehouse that stores predefined aggregations. True or False: Compute resources used by Snowflake for data loading jobs can by provide by user managed virtual warehouse? This approach is shown in the following figure. Later the data is backed up on the tape. Hence the future shape of data warehouse will be very different from what is being created today. Choosing separate accounts in Snowflake enables users to have: True or False: Different editions of Snowflake instances require separate accounts? The following screenshot shows the architecture of a query manager. These techniques are suitable for delivering a solution. But we know that there could be some security restrictions applied on the data that can be an obstacle for accessing the information. Generating aggregations from predefined definitions within the data warehouse. This will be treated as a part of justification. Note − If the data warehouse is running on a cluster or MPP architecture, then the system scheduling manager must be capable of running across the architecture. Archives the data that has reached the end of its captured life. The JOIN PATH keywords in the CREATE ATTRIBUTE DIMENSION statement support the use of snowflake-style dimension tables. This information can vary from a few gigabytes to hundreds of gigabytes, terabytes or beyond. There is a fact table at the center. Therefore it becomes more difficult to tune a data warehouse system. Which approach would result in improved performance through linear scaling of data ingestion workload: True or False: Snowflake Support Services addresses customer issues covering troubleshooting failed queries? In this case, we require some data to be restored from the archive. These methods minimize the database downtime and maximize the availability. Which of the following areas is not part of the UI: True or False: The PUT and GET commands can be executed via the Snowflake UI? Concurrency control and recovery mechanisms are required for operational databases to ensure robustness and consistency of the database. It provides summarized and multidimensional view of data. Which layer contains the data in compressed, columnar format? Window-based or Unix/Linux-based servers are used to implement data marts. Cristian, the 11-year-old boy who froze to death in his family's trailer while Ted Cruz's family plotted escape from their mansion to Cancun: … The very common approach is to insert data using the SQL Layer. Which layer does Snowflake store the various statistics for databases, tables, columns, and files? This is the SpellCHEX dictionary for online spell checking. Then they can be backed up. False - INSERT command allows the Where clause, not the COPY command. Before proceeding further, you should know some of the backup terminologies discussed below. Identify the architecture that is capable of evolving. True or False: To recluster a table, an admin would execute the RECLUSTER command? Understand the short-term and medium-term requirements of the data warehouse. Partitioning also helps in balancing the various requirements of the system. Note − We recommend to perform the partition only on the basis of time dimension, unless you are certain that the suggested dimension grouping will not change within the life of the data warehouse. Extra checks may have to be coded into the data warehouse to prevent it from being fooled into moving data into a location where it should not be available. That will give us 30 partitions, which is reasonable. Refreshing − Involves updating from data sources to warehouse. Now the user who wants to look at data within his own region has to query across multiple partitions. Nothing else can run until data load is complete. We have a fixed number of operations to be applied on the operational databases and we have well-defined techniques such as use normalized data, keep table small, etc. The most important thing about events is that they should be capable of executing on their own. Some tape media standards are listed in the table below −, Other factors that need to be considered are as follows −, The tape drives can be connected in the following ways −. The event manager is a kind of a software. A data warehouse serves as a sole part of a plan-execute-assess "closed-loop" feedback system for the enterprise management. True or False: Zero-Copy cloning allow a customer to provision real, Production data for development and test environments without physically copying the data? True or False: When defining columns to contain dates or timestamps, Snowflake recommend choosing a date or timestamp data type rather than a character data type? Creates indexes, business views, partition views against the base data. These dimensions allow to keep track of monthly sales and at which branch the items were sold. True or False: Micro-partitions are immutable? Searching the multimedia data is not an easy task, whereas textual information can be retrieved by the relational software available today. True or False: A best practice of load and store Semi-structured data in Snowflake is to parse the semi-structure string into structured columns on source data load? This production deliverable is the smallest component of a data warehouse. True or False: Snowflake deploys into a customer VPC or VNET? Note − A data warehouse does not require transaction processing, recovery, and concurrency controls, because it is physically stored and separate from the operational database. Data load takes the extracted data and loads it into the data warehouse. False - it can be used for both in-progress and completed queries. True or False: Tri-secret requires that customers manage their own keys? Data marts contain a subset of organization-wide data that is valuable to specific groups of people in an organization. Note − Data marting is more expensive than aggregations, therefore it should be used as an additional strategy and not as an alternative strategy. Data warehouse systems help in the integration of diversity of application systems. False - Snowflake only deploys within it own VPC. True - No update, no time travel, same region. Note − A warehouse Manager also analyzes query profiles to determine index and aggregations are appropriate. Aggregation relies on the fact that most common queries will analyze a subset or an aggregation of the detailed data. The following diagram shows the sales data of a company with respect to the four dimensions, namely time, item, branch, and location. Note that the system backup manager must be integrated with the schedule manager software being used. This type of cache lives on the Cloud Services layer? True or False: Each worksheet in the UI can have its on role and be set independently? the , . We need to first classify the data and then classify the users on the basis of the data they can access. To use this data for information management solutions, it has to be correctly defined. Integrated − A data warehouse is constructed by integrating data from heterogeneous sources such as relational databases, flat files, etc. True or False: Snowflake only replicates Storage layer to the other availability zones within a region? Row splitting tends to leave a one-to-one map between partitions. These tools can generate the database query. When the data is inserted into the table, the code will run to check for enough space to insert the data. In other words, if the data is generally accessed by all the departments, then apply security restrictions as per the role of the user. The cost measures for data marting are as follows −. It is implemented as a set of small partitions for relatively current data, larger partition for inactive data. For example, time, item, and location dimension tables are shared between the sales and shipping fact table. This smallest component adds business benefit. When the data is loaded into the data warehouse, the following questions are raised −, If we talk about the backup of these flat files, the following questions are raised −, Some other forms of data movement like query result sets also need to be considered. It is easy to build a virtual warehouse. The criteria for choosing a system and the database manager are as follows −, The backup and recovery tool makes it easy for operations and management staff to back-up the data. But there could be some restrictions on users at different levels. False - credit usage of one warehouse can impact other warehouses. False - Storage and Cloud Services layers are replicated. The transformations affects the speed of data processing. Therefore it is important to back up all the data so that it becomes available for recovery in future as per requirement. How scalable is the product as tape drives are added? If we need to store all the variations in order to apply comparisons, that dimension may be very large. What are the types of tables in Snowflake (select all that apply)? Middle Tier − In the middle tier, we have the OLAP Server that can be implemented in either of the following ways. A) 2 B) 4 C) 8 D) User specified. Query manager is responsible for scheduling the execution of the queries posed by the user. Snowflake utilizes per _______________ billing. Data Mining − Data mining supports knowledge discovery by finding hidden patterns and associations, constructing analytical models, performing classification and prediction. When backup is required, one of the mirror sets can be broken out. The key features of a data warehouse are discussed below −. We can have security by top-to-down company view, with access centered on the different departments. Which of the following conditions can restart a suspended Resource monitor (select all that apply)? Metadata could be present in text files or multimedia files. Snowflake supports data in VARIANTs up to a maximum size of: Non-native values such as dates and timestamps are stored as strings when loaded into a VARIANT column so which statements are true: The Snowflake UI is divided into for basic areas. The structure of the department may change. True or False: One benefit of client-side encryption is that it provides a secure system for managing data in cloud storage? Security affects the overall application development and it also affects the design of the important components of the data warehouse such as load manager, warehouse manager, and query manager. In addition, the query manager is responsible for scheduling the execution of the queries posted by the user. The data is grouped into cities rather than countries. Cold backup − Cold backup is taken while the database is completely shut down. True or False: Metadata cache is used to optimize queries and improve query compile time? These restrictions need to be considered carefully. In update-driven approach, the information from multiple heterogeneous sources are integrated in advance and are stored in a warehouse. False - only the user who executed a query can access the query results. All security information is stored in the ___________ layer in the Snowflake architecture? When scaling up a Snowflake warehouse, what is the scaling factor when moving between T-shirt sizes? Data can be stored efficiently, since no zero facts can be stored. The code associated with each event is known as event handler. Roll-up performs aggregation on a data cube in any of the following ways −. Developers use complex queries that might take longer hours for data retrieval. Ethereum has over 10 000 Eth1 nodes online, and 75 000 stakers (+14 000 queued) currently validating the Eth2 network. True or False: Customer has COMPUTE choices when it comes to cluster definition? The user can switch from one group to another. True or False: Snowpipe is a continuous data ingestion service that detects and loads streaming data? In this step, we determine if the organization has natural functional splits. The life cycle of a data mart may be complex in long run, if its planning and design are not organization-wide. True or False: Drop User permission can be granted within a Snowflake account by the administrator? When dealing with a large complex query, the user must: B) Scale up the cluster - moving up a T-shirt size gives the query more resources (increase the size of the pipe). True or False: A virtual warehouse can only be resized after being stopped or suspended? Users cannot create or configure these partitions. If the Credit Quota of a Resource Monitor is reached, suspended warehouses can not be resumed until one of the conditions is met (select all that apply)? Query scheduling via third-party software. Testing is very important for data warehouse systems to make them work correctly and efficiently. It helps in maintaining control over database instances. Convert all the values to required data types. For example, the location dimension table contains the attribute set {location_key, street, city, province_or_state,country}. A data warehouse is kept separate from the operational database and therefore frequent changes in operational database is not reflected in the data warehouse. True or False: Compute resources used by Snowflake for data loading jobs can by provide by Snowflake managed service? The test should be performed with multiple times with different settings. To store and manage the warehouse data, the relational OLAP uses relational or extended-relational DBMS. True or False: Snowflake enforces all constraints? It is easy to build a virtual warehouse. A data warehouse is a complex system and it contains a huge volume of data. Disk-to-disk backups are done for the following reasons −. It is of no use trying to tune response time, if they are already better than those required. There should to be privacy rules to ensure the data is accessed by authorized users only. ROLAP servers are placed between relational back-end server and client front-end tools. Dice selects two or more dimensions from a given cube and provides a new sub-cube. We should consider the following possibilities during the design phase. This analysis results in data generalization and data mining. If we partition by transaction_date instead of region, then the latest transaction from every region will be in one partition. Implementation of aggregation navigation logic. The size and complexity of a load manager varies between specific solutions from one data warehouse to another. Also the data warehouse system is evolving in nature. Being aware of the database, the software then can be addressed in database terms, and will not perform backups that would not be viable. It will form a new sub-cube by selecting one or more dimensions. The shipping fact table also contains two measures, namely dollars sold and units sold. Here is the list of scenarios for which this testing is needed −. 6) Bamboo: Bamboo is a continuous integration build server which performs - automatic build, test, and releases in a single place. Transforming the data into a form suitable for analysis. They have the software and hardware to label and store the tapes they store. Generates new aggregations and updates the existing aggregations. It has the following metadata −. The extent to which a data mart loading process will eat into the available time window depends on the complexity of the transformations and the data volumes being shipped. These partial deliverables are fed back to the users and then reworked ensuring that the overall system is continually updated to meet the business needs. They can gather data, analyze it, and take decisions based on the information present in the warehouse. True or False: Federated authentication in Snowflake is complaint with SAML 2.0? So, it is worth determining that the dimension does not change in future. This document describes the Hive user configuration properties (sometimes called parameters, variables, or options), and notes which releases introduced new properties.. In this chapter, we will discuss the schemas used in a data warehouse. The data is copied, processed, integrated, annotated, summarized and restructured in semantic data store in advance. The second approach is to bypass all these checks and constraints and place the data directly into the preformatted blocks. The data can be processed by means of querying, basic statistical analysis, reporting using crosstabs, tables, charts, or graphs. Note − In a data warehouse, we create metadata for the data names and definitions of a given data warehouse. The supplier dimension table contains the attributes supplier_key and supplier_type. Name all of the file/data types that Snowflake support for data loading? More transformation rules may also be required to hide certain data. Suppose the build version phase has delivered a retail sales analysis data warehouse with 2 months’ worth of history. Roll-up is performed by climbing up a concept hierarchy for the dimension location. It represents the information stored inside the data warehouse. Snowflake provides specific administration features and capabilities to support the following activities except: D) Manage 3rd party applications providing data to a Snowflake account. The user in this case cannot identify annual and seasonal trends. OLAP systems are used by knowledge workers such as executives, managers, and analysts. We cannot manage the data warehouse manually because the structure of data warehouse is very complex. It is very common for the silo to be connected remotely over a network or a dedicated link. Backing up, restoring, and archiving the data. Note − We cannot do more on fact table but while dealing with dimension tables or the aggregations, the usual collection of SQL tweaking, storage mechanism, and access methods can be used to tune these queries. It is also essential that the users have feasible expectations. This is an alternative to the traditional approach. This is addressed by prototyping. It presents the data to the user in a form they understand. Note − It is very important to have a complete knowledge of data warehouse. Organizations are increasing their footprints in the Cloud infrastructure. Since the size of the whole data warehouse is very large, it is usually possible to perform minimal system testing before the test plan can be enacted. Now these queries are mapped and sent to the local query processor. We look for departmental splits, and we determine whether the way in which departments use information tend to be in isolation from the rest of the organization. Note − The backup and recovery procedures may become complex, therefore it is recommended to perform this activity within a separate phase. True or False: Snowflake's architecture includes advance capabilities in the cloud services layer that delivers metadata service? Provides primitive and highly detailed data. We use the back end tools and utilities to feed data into the bottom tier. This process performs the following functions −. Data Extraction − Involves gathering data from multiple heterogeneous sources. True or False: Data Storage is independent from compute? Data load is a critical part of overnight processing. with other data within the same data source. There are decision support technologies that help utilize the data available in a data warehouse. Listed below are the reasons to create a data mart −. After this has been completed we are in position to do the complex checks. There are various approaches of tuning data load that are discussed below −. Gateways is the application programs that are used to extract data. It rotates the data axes in view in order to provide an alternative presentation of data. As the merchant is not interested in the products they are not dealing with, the data marting is a subset of the data dealing which the product group of interest. True - But the ACCOUNTADMIN has to enable the user first (by granting permissions). With all these uses of metadata, it also has its challenges. It stores query profiles to allow the warehouse manager to determine which indexes and aggregations are appropriate. It is also necessary to test the application over a period of time. It is supported by underlying DBMS and allows client program to generate SQL to be executed at a server. Note − Before loading the data into the data warehouse, the information extracted from the external sources must be reconstructed. Now the item dimension table contains the attributes item_key, item_name, type, brand, and supplier-key. Tuning the fixed queries in a data warehouse is same as in a relational database system. Highly-sensitive data is classified as highly restricted and less-sensitive data is classified as less restrictive. The supplier key is linked to the supplier dimension table. True or False: Stages are unique database objects in Snowflake? These would include −. Suppose we want to partition the following table. False - Snowflake stores DATE and TIMESTAMP data more efficiently than VARCHAR, resulting in better query performance. True or False: Multi-Cluster Warehouses support high concurrency? Integrity checks should be applied on the source system to avoid performance degrade of data load. ROLAP tools store and analyze highly volatile and changeable data. In Unix structure of configuration, the manager varies from vendor to vendor. C) Three - Snowflake automatically does this for each account. The products might switch from one department to other. The information gathered in a warehouse can be used in any of the following domains −. Transforming involves converting the source data into a structure. The ACCOUNTADMIN role can perform the following tasks (select all that apply): In order to query a table in Snowflake, the user must be granted which privileges at a minimum (select all that apply): True or False: the ACCOUNTADMIN role can modify or drop objects created by a custom role? The life cycle of data marts may be complex in the long run, if their planning and design are not organization-wide. This constraint may cause data redundancy. When the table exceeds the predetermined size, a new table partition is created. The query does not have to scan irrelevant data which speeds up the query process. The motive of row splitting is to speed up the access to large table by reducing its size. True or False: The clustering depth for a table is an absolute or precise measure of whether the table is well-clustered. True or False: Snowflake's security and authentication includes object-level access? False - Snowflake only enforces NOT NULL constraint. MOLAP allows fastest indexing to the pre-computed summarized data. The slice operation selects one particular dimension from a given cube and provides a new sub-cube. True or False: Grant Privilege permission can be granted within a Snowflake account by the administrator? In this phase, we do not add new entities, but additional physical tables would probably be created to store increased data volumes. This approach was used to build wrappers and integrators on top of multiple heterogeneous databases. But the optical media provides long-life and reliability that makes them a good choice of medium for archiving. True or False: Snowflake automatically partitions the data so that the user does not need to define partition scheme? Limit the scope of the first build phase to the minimum that delivers business benefits. What platforms are supported by the package? True or False: Referential integrity constraints in Snowflake are enforced? These integrators are also known as mediators. Operations Analysis − Data warehousing also helps in customer relationship management, and making environmental corrections. In other words, a data mart contains only those data that is specific to a particular group. As the business evolves, its requirements keep changing and therefore a data warehouse must be designed to ride with these changes. In contract, data warehouse queries are often complex and they present a general form of data. There are sets of fixed queries that need to be run regularly and they should be tested. Data warehouse is dynamic; it never remains constant. Metadata is a road-map to data warehouse. Operational Metadata − It includes currency of data and data lineage. Note − The delivery process is broken into phases to reduce the project and delivery risk. True or False: Compute resources used by Snowflake for data loading jobs can by provide by hardware provisioned by user directly from cloud providers? This also helps ensure continuity in the unlikely event that a cluster fails. This information will allow the user to analyze only the recent trends and address the short-term issues. True or False: One benefit of client-side encryption is the storage service layer only contains encrypted version of the data? It may not require space other than available in the Data warehouse. MOLAP are not capable of containing detailed data. The solution lies in classifying the data according to the function. This directory helps the decision support system to locate the contents of the data warehouse. These tools help us in interactive and effective analysis of data in a multidimensional space. Transformations affect the speed of data processing. False - These commands can only be executed using SNOWSQL client. It will also add complexity to the backup management and recovery plan. The size and complexity of warehouse managers varies between specific solutions. Adding security increases the size of the database and hence increases the complexity of the database design and management. For example, a Telco call record requires 10TB of data to be kept online, which is just a size of one month’s record. Data can also be classified according to the job function. Note − Due to normalization in the Snowflake schema, the redundancy is reduced and therefore, it becomes easy to maintain and the save storage space. The choice between the third and the fourth approach depends on how much data is already loaded and how many indexes need to be rebuilt. The load manager may require checking code to filter record and place them in different locations. The view over an operational data warehouse is known as a virtual warehouse. Gateway technology proves to be not suitable, since they tend not be performant when large data volumes are involved. What is the largest size of a micro-partition? MOLAP includes the following components −. The following diagram explains the stages in the delivery process −. In system testing, the whole data warehouse application is tested together. In order to minimize the total load window the data need to be loaded into the warehouse in the fastest possible time. Adding security to the data warehouse also affects the testing time complexity. It works seamlessly with JIRA software and Bitbucket. Which security features are provided as part of Enterprise editions (select all that apply)? Consider the following diagram that shows the pivot operation. DSS server of micro-strategy adopts the ROLAP approach. Along with this metadata, additional metadata is also created for time-stamping any extracted data, the source of extracted data. These benefits may not be quantifiable but the projected benefits need to be clearly stated. False: Suspend Immediately cancels all transactions and brings down the warehouse (i.e Kill -9). The implementation cycle of a data mart is measured in short periods of time, i.e., in weeks rather than months or years. True or False: The user can execute a table re-clustering to reduce micro-partition overlap and speed up performance? These users will also require to access the system. Management Tools. Query manager is responsible for directing the queries to the suitable tables. A data warehouse also helps in bringing down the costs by tracking trends, patterns over a long period in a consistent and reliable manner. tables or views) in a schema. It offers higher scalability of ROLAP and faster computation of MOLAP. Drill-down is performed by stepping down a concept hierarchy for the dimension time. It contains the keys to each of four dimensions. Since a data warehouse can gather information quickly and efficiently, it can enhance business productivity. An operational database undergoes frequent changes on a daily basis on account of the transactions that take place. As the aggregations of summaries cannot be the same as that of the aggregation as a whole, it is possible to miss some information trends in the data unless someone is analyzing the data as a whole. The importance of metadata can not be overstated. The drawback of this technique is that it has slow write speed than disks. Fast Load the extracted data into temporary data store. This would mean that we are finding the customers for whom there are no associated subscriptions. Unlike Star schema, the dimensions table in a snowflake schema are normalized. There may be hardware failures such as losing a disk or human errors such as accidentally deleting a table or overwriting a large table. The difference is in how they are used logically to assemble and assign sets of privileges to groups of users. Online Analytical Processing Server (OLAP) is based on the multidimensional data model. Strip out all the columns that are not required within the warehouse. Generates new aggregations and updates existing aggregations. The event manager also tracks the myriad of things that can go wrong on this complex data warehouse system. False - It cannot override the Resource Monitor that is assigned to individual warehouse. For example a data warehouse for retail banking institution ensures that all the accounts belong to the same legal entity.
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