By 1840, this process was complete, with the vast tracks of mission land being divided up among Mexican landowners. Local trade between indigenous populations enabled them to acquire seasonings such as salt, or foodstuffs and other goods that might be rare in certain locales, such as flint or obsidian for making spear and arrow points. Mexico City merchants in retaliation overstuffed the ships, even using the space for water to carry additional contraband cargo. The nearest deep-water seaport was San Francisco Bay, and the rapidly growing town of San Francisco became the home for bankers who financed exploration for gold. [22][23], After successfully sacking Spanish colonial settlements and plundering Spanish treasure ships along their Pacific coast colonies in the Americas, English privateer and explorer Francis Drake sailed into Oregon,[24] before exploring and claiming an undefined portion of the California coast in 1579, landing north of the future city of San Francisco, perhaps at Point Reyes (on June 17). From this first settlement, the Spanish and Mexican governments founded four presidios, four pueblos, and 21 Catholic missions, along with granting vast amounts of rancho lands to private individuals. They raised the "Bear Flag" of the California Republic over Sonoma. Mexico won independence in 1821, and Alta California became a territory of Mexico the next year. CALIFORNIA UNDER THE RULE OF SPAIN AND MEXICO is an article from Annual Publication of the Historical Society of Southern California, Volume 7. Two hundred reinforcements were sent by Stockton, led by US Navy Captain William Mervine, but were repulsed in the Battle of Dominguez Rancho, October 7–9, 1846, near San Pedro, where 14 U.S. Marines were killed. In 1840, the American adventurer, writer and lawyer Richard Henry Dana, Jr., wrote of his experiences aboard ship off California in the 1830s in Two Years Before the Mast.[43]. Cabrillo and his men found that there was essentially nothing for the Spanish to easily exploit in California, located at the extreme limits of exploration and trade from Spain. In Northern California, they mainly formed new settlements further inland, especially in the Sacramento Valley, and these immigrants focused on fur-trapping and farming and kept apart from the Californios. Next, the Mexican Congress passed An Act for the Secularization of the Missions of California on August 17, 1833. Relations between the Mexican government and the Texas settlers deteriorated considerably in 1834-35 as President Santa Anna abandoned the constitution under which the American settlers had agreed to live. By 1809, Spain no longer governed California because the Spanish king was imprisoned by the French. Eighty percent of the financing of Spain's California program went not to missions but rather to the military garrisons established to keep the three great Pacific Ports of San Diego, Monterey and San Francisco under Spanish control; the Santa Barbara presidio on the Channel was constructed later. It was a powerful achievement. "[8][9] Alta California was not easily accessible from New Spain: land routes were cut off by deserts and often hostile Native populations and sea routes ran counter to the southerly currents of the distant northeastern Pacific. The previous governor, Echeandía, took the job, which he did until José Figueroa took over in 1833. They became Mexican citizens. Spanish and Mexican rule. Governor of California under Mexican rule who ordered the secularization or the end of church rule of the missions Lorenzo Asisara California Indian born and raised at Mission Santa Cruz said that Indians got only "old mares that were no longer productive" instead of healthy horses.
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