In the Eastern Ghats, it occurs from Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh to coastal Odisha, and also in Bihar and southern West Bengal, especially the Sunderbans. Shipped with USPS Retail Ground. The belly may be uniform in color or ornamented with bars. Other components have cardiotoxic effects. The King cobra lives thoughout India and in some parts of the south and the east of Asia.It is known around the world for its dangerous venom. [36] [7][37], Members of the Pakokku clan tattoo themselves with ink mixed with cobra venom on their upper bodies in a weekly inoculation that potentially might protect them from the snake, though no scientific evidence supports this. An individual kept at Bronx Zoo weighed 12.7 kg (28 lb) and was 4.4 m (14 ft) long in 1972. [citation needed], The king cobra has a wide distribution in South and Southeast Asia. [41] Ohanin, a protein component of the venom, causes hypolocomotion and hyperalgesia in mammals. The large eyes have a golden iris and round pupils. The venom from the Malayan pit viper snake has been found to be twice as effective at treating the blood clots associated with strokes as standard stroke drugs--the venom may work up to six hours after a stroke begins. When food is scarce, it also feeds on other small vertebrates, such as birds, and lizards. Specifically, in three different lineages of “spitting” snakes, venom is used to deter predators. I apologize for the background noise. Cobras have several methods for delivering their deadly venom to their prey. In 1838, Cantor proposed the name Hamadryas ophiophagus for the king cobra and explained that it has dental features intermediate between the genera Naja and Bungarus. Hamadryas elaps proposed by Albert Günther in 1858 were king cobra specimens from the Philippines and Borneo. His nephew, Piet Voorhees, became the second Cobra and first … [14] The name is derived from its propensity to eat snakes. Its hood is oval shaped and covered with olive green smooth scales and two black spots between the two lowest scales. The genus Ophiophagus was proposed by Günther in 1864. For other uses, see, Venomous snake species in the family Elapidae, endemic to forests from India through Southeast Asia, Captive king cobras with their hoods extended, CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (, King Institute of Preventive Medicine and Research, "Sketch of an undescribed hooded serpent, with fangs and maxillar teeth", "A notice of the Hamadryas, a genus of hooded serpent with poisonous fangs and maxillary teeth", "Description of a New Species of Naga, or Cobra de Capello", "Phylogenetic Relationships of Elapid Snakes Based on Cytochrome b mtDNA Sequences", "A species-level phylogeny of extant snakes with description of a new colubrid subfamily and genus". Successful precedents include a client who recovered and was discharged in 10 days after being treated by accurate antivenom and inpatient care. Its cylindrical tail is yellowish green above and marked with black. It is the longest venomous snake in the world. To be of any use, the venom has to … [1], In northern India, it has been recorded in Garhwal and Kumaon, and in the Shivalik and terai regions of Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh. [5], The hiss of the king cobra is a much lower pitch than many other snakes and many people thus liken its call to a "growl" rather than a hiss. [35] In Singapore, one was observed swallowing a clouded monitor. Juveniles are black with chevron shaped white, yellow or buff bars that point towards the head. King cobra, (Ophiophagus hannah), the world’s largest venomous snake, found predominantly in forests from India through Southeast Asia to the Philippines and Indonesia. [1], The king cobra is listed in CITES Appendix II. A genetic analysis using cytochrome b,[18] and a multigene analysis showed that the king cobra was an early offshoot of a genetic lineage giving rise to the mambas, rather than the Naja cobras. [9] A Thai survey reports 10 deaths out of 35 patients received for king cobra bites, whose fatality rate posed (28%) is higher than those of other cobra species. A full-grown king cobra is yellow, green, brown or black. Its half-inch fangs deliver a huge dose, up to seven milliliters of venom, or … [63] The Department of Clinical Toxinology of the University of Adelaide gives this serpent a general untreated fatality rate of 50–60%, implying that the snake has about a half chance to deliver bites involving nonfatal quantities of venom. Naia vittata proposed by Walter Elliot in 1840 was a king cobra caught offshore near Chennai that was floating in a basket. It is considered diurnal because it hunts during the day, but has also been seen at night, rarely. The muzzle is rounded, and the tongue black. It can deliver multiple bites in a single attack. Clutch size ranges from 7 to 43 eggs, with 6 to 38 eggs hatching after incubation periods of 66 to 105 days. [10] [28][29] [17] This is thought to be due to venom’s ability to interact with blood flow and the nervous system. Females captured had a maximum length of 2.75 m (9 ft 0 in) and a weight of 5 kg (11 lb). [8] It is threatened by habitat destruction and has been listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List since 2010. [6][7] It is the national reptile of India. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , vol. Because of its flexible jaws it can swallow prey much larger than its head. The longest known individual measured 5.85 m (19.2 ft). Venom in snakes is largely used to subdue and/or kill prey, and most venoms have clear actions that facilitate death or paralysis. Teams at the University of Singapore are working with venom from the King Cobra -- isolating a particular toxin that shows strong potential as a treatment for chronic pain. [citation needed], The king cobra's venom consists of cytotoxins and neurotoxins, including alpha-neurotoxins and three-finger toxins. [citation needed] Just 20 minute later, he became nauseous and began to vomit — a symptom of the cobra’s venom. [1], Hamadryas hannah was the scientific name used by Danish naturalist Theodore Edward Cantor in 1836 who described four king cobra specimens, three captured in the Sundarbans and one in the vicinity of Kolkata. The king cobra (Ophiophagus hannah) is widely distributed throughout many parts of Asia.This study aims to investigate the complexity of Malaysian Ophiophagus hannah (MOh) venom for a better understanding of king cobra venom variation and its envenoming pathophysiology. Like all snakes, it can expand its jaws to swallow large prey items. The king cobra typically weighs about 6 kg (13 lb). [45], The venom of hatchlings is as potent as that of the adults. The king cobra is the only snake that builds a nest using dry leaf litter, starting from late March to late May. Previous studies have shown that compounds in snake venom can cause pain by activating what’s called specific acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs). Effects of Cobra Venom. Marvel Legends 2017 Serpent Society King Cobra Loose Incomplete Good For Custom. [59] In Thailand, a concoction of turmeric root has been clinically shown to create a strong resilience against the venom of the king cobra when ingested. The king cobra (Ophiophagus hannah) is the world's longest venomous snake, with a length up to 5.6 m (18.5 ft). It is the world's longest venomous snake. Adult king cobras are 3.18 to 4 m (10.4 to 13.1 ft) long. You see, spitting cobra’s venom doesn’t do anything if it just hits you on the skin or even gets in your mouth. A tourniquet can also be used at the site of the bite to stem venom flow until the victim can reach a hospital to receive anti-venom. Scientists have sequenced the entire genome of the world’s longest poisonous snake - king cobra - and uncovered the secrets behind its deadly venom. Two drugs used to treat minor heart attacks, eptifibatide and tirofiban, are based off snake venom proteins and have been in use since 1998. The nostrils are between two shields. Temperature inside nests is not steady but varies depending on elevation from 13.5 to 37.4 °C (56.3 to 99.3 °F). Scientists have even experimented with developing venom-based medicinal treatments for a variety of conditions such as high blood pressure, dementia, and cancer. A polyvalent antivenom produced by the Thai Red Cross Society can effectively neutralize venom of the king cobra. In India, it is placed under Schedule II of Wildlife Protection Act, 1972. They usually also have yellowish or white crossbars or chevrons. The King Cobra is the largest venomous snake in the world, and can inject an extremely large quantity of venom in one bite. The king cobra is regarded as a fierce and aggressive sna… [25][26][27] In northeast India, the king cobra has been recorded in northern West Bengal, Sikkim, Assam, Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur and Mizoram. [citation needed], Following envenomation, it swallows its prey whole. They can measure up to 18ft in length and can deliver enough venom in a single bite to kill 20 humans or even bring down an elephant. Comparative anatomical morphometric analysis has led to a discovery of tracheal diverticula that function as low-frequency resonating chambers in king cobra and its prey, the rat snake, both of which can make similar growls. [62] Clinical mortality rates vary between different regions and depend on many factors, such as local medical advancement. [15], Naja ingens proposed by Alexander Willem Michiel van Hasselt in 1882 was a king cobra captured near Tebing Tinggi in northern Sumatra. The largest known king cobra was 5.59 m (18 ft 4 in) long and captured in Thailand. [4], The average lifespan of a wild king cobra is about 20 years. To investigate the evolution of these complex biological weapon systems, we sequenced the genome of a venomous snake, the king cobra, and assessed the composition of venom gland expressed genes, small RNAs, and secreted venom proteins. When raising its body, the king cobra can still move forward to strike with a long distance, and people may misjudge the safe zone. The king cobra (Ophiophagus hannah) is a large elapid endemic to forests from India through Southeast Asia. The venom gland transcriptome was investigated using the Illumina HiSeq™ platform, while the venom … [58] The throat is light yellow or cream-colored. "Phylogenetic analysis of the king cobra, "Identification of Reptile Skin Products Using Scale Morphology", "Notes on the distribution and natural history of the King Cobra (, "A checklist of reptiles of Kerala, India", "King cobra feeding on a monitor lizard at night", "Novel genes encoding six kinds of three-finger toxins in, "Structural and Functional Characterization of a Novel Homodimeric Three-finger Neurotoxin from the Venom of, "The lethality in mice of dangerous Australian and other snake venom", "Venom, antivenom production and the medically important snakes of India", "Cross Neutralization of Afro-Asian Cobra and Asian Krait Venoms by a Thai Polyvalent Snake Antivenom (Neuro Polyvalent Snake Antivenom)", "King cobra under threat, put on red list", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=King_cobra&oldid=1000743945, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017, Taxonbars using multiple manual Wikidata items, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 16 January 2021, at 14:09. [12] It occurs up to an elevation of 2,000 m (6,600 ft) from the Terai in India and southern Nepal to the Brahmaputra River basin in Bhutan and northeast India, Bangladesh and to Myanmar, southern China, Cambodia, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia and the Philippines. The head is covered by 15 drab coloured and black edged shields. [2], The king cobra's diet consists primarily of other snakes and lizards, including Indian cobra, banded krait, rat snake, pythons, green whip snake, keelback, banded wolf snake and Blyth's reticulated snake. [2][37], The king cobra is not considered aggressive. Another potential side benefit of the research, Margres said, is that snake venom is used in medicine for humans to combat stroke and high blood pressure. The heaviest wild specimen was caught at Royal Island Club in Singapore in 1951, which weighed 12 kg (26 lb) and measured 4.8 m (16 ft). The king cobra's venom consists of cytotoxins and neurotoxins, including alpha-neurotoxins and three-finger toxins. [46] The king cobra is a prominent symbol in the mythology and folk traditions of India, Sri Lanka and Myanmar. [64], In Southeast Asia, the king cobra is threatened foremost by habitat destruction owing to deforestation and expansion of agricultural land. It is a highly venomous and dangerous snake when agitated or provoked that has a fearsome reputation in its range,[4][5] although it is typically shy and avoids confrontation with humans when possible. But cobras are not particularly muscular, and their fangs are relatively small. While the hisses of most snakes are of a broad-frequency span ranging from roughly 3,000 to 13,000 Hz with a dominant frequency near 7,500 Hz, king cobra growls consist solely of frequencies below 2,500 Hz, with a dominant frequency near 600 Hz, a much lower-sounding frequency closer to that of a human voice. They may be brightly marked, but these colours often fade as they mature. [3] Ventral scales are uniformly oval shaped. [34] The AH-1Z, one of the latest members of the … [38] It usually avoids humans and slinks off when disturbed, but is known to aggressively defend incubating eggs and attack intruders rapidly. An adult King cobra can grow up to 18 feet (5.5 m), though most are less than 12 ft (3.7 m). 51, 2013, pp. However, cobra venom is actually used in modern medicine as a pain reliever. Assessment of the 139 Indian cobra venom gland toxin genes for orthologs in the king cobra showed that, while 96 genes had a match, 43 did not (Supplementary Table 6e). It has a pair of large occipital scales on top of the head, 17 to 19 rows of smooth oblique scales on the neck, and 15 rows on the body. It is protected in China and Vietnam. Wild king cobras encountered in Singapore appeared to be placid, but reared up and struck in self defense when cornered. Rather, it swallows prey whole and relies on very strong stomach acids to digest its meal. This video was filmed at the Reptile Discovery Center, in DeLand, Florida. The King Cobra (also known as the Mechanized Cobra), along with the Gorilla Captain is one of two new enemies in the Duke Nukem 3D, Duke Xtreme expansion. The toxic venom released by the cobra, one of the world’s biggest snakes, is enough to kill 20 humans with just one bite. [57] Large quantities of antivenom may be needed to reverse the progression of symptoms. [34][39] Snake venoms are complex protein mixtures encoded by several multilocus gene families that function synergistically to cause incapacitation. [24] [23] [5], Polyvalent antivenom of equine origin is produced by Haffkine Institute and King Institute of Preventive Medicine and Research in India. Studying snake venom for medical cures. [60][61] Proper and immediate treatments are critical to avoid death. Snake venoms are toxic protein cocktails used for prey capture. These are behind the usual "nine-plate" arrangement typical of colubrids and elapids, and are unique to the king cobra. Saliva from the animals is used in diabetes medication, Boyer said. [9][28][30] In the Western Ghats, it was recorded in Kerala, Karnataka and Maharashtra, and also in Gujarat. Snake venom that stops blood from clotting is used in heart medications. When ingested in smaller amounts, the proteins emitted when the snake bites and releases its venom have been found to be effective as treatment for conditions such as arthritis. The Cobra is the name of a number of different fictional characters appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics.The most well-known Cobra is Klaus Voorhees, now known as the King Cobra.He first appeared in Journey into Mystery #98 (Nov. 1963) created by writer Stan Lee and artist Don Heck. The monocled cobra — which is native to … 110, no. "The King Cobra Genome Reveals Dynamic Gene Evolution and Adaptation in the Snake Venom System." [67], This article is about the snake. [22], The king cobra is sexually dimorphic, with males being larger and paler in particular during the breeding season. [21] The juveniles are jet-black, with yellow or white crossbars on the body and tail and four similar crossbars on the head. In this particular species, envenomation usually presents predominately with systemic neurologic manifestations. The king cobra is the [51], It can deliver up to 420 mg venom in dry weight (400-600 mg overall) per bite,[52] with a LD50 toxicity in mice of 1.28 mg/kg through intravenous injection,[53] 1.5 to 1.7 mg/kg through subcutaneous injection,[54] [16], Ophiophagus hannah was accepted as the valid name for the king cobra by Charles Mitchill Bogert in 1945 who argued that it differs significantly from Naja species. The affected person can die within 30 minutes of envenomation. [52][55][56], The toxins affect the victim's central nervous system, resulting in severe pain, blurred vision, vertigo, drowsiness, and eventually paralysis. Some cobras can spit their venom into a victim's eyes, causing extreme pain and blindness. Dorsal scales are placed in an oblique arrangement. Synthetic king cobra venom, says National Geographic, is used in pain relievers and arthritis medications. Death soon follows due to respiratory failure. Killing a king cobra is punished with imprisonment of up to six years. [42][43], The king cobra can be easily irritated by closely approaching objects or sudden movements. Venomous Gila monsters, which live in the southwest U.S., must quickly produce insulin when they come out of hibernation. Males captured in Kerala measured up to 3.75 m (12.3 ft) and weighed up to 10 kg (22 lb). The snake’s maximum confirmed length is 5.6 metres (18 feet), but most do not exceed 3.6 metres (12 feet). However, cobra venom is actually used in modern medicine as a pain reliever. It is also threatened by poaching for its meat, skin and for use in traditional Chinese medicine. Genetically engineered venom protein based on the southern copperhead snake was found to reduce cancer cells in mice by 90% in a University of California, Los Angeles experiment. Females stay by their nests between two and 77 days. Cobras, however, use venom to kill. [3] Watch out, don't use … It also hunts Malabar pit viper and hump-nosed pit viper by following their odour trails. The king cobra toxin was a completely different sort of molecule — a large enzyme, rather than the smaller cytotoxic protein used by true cobras — but it was there. The Bell AH-1Z Viper is an American twin-engine attack helicopter, based on the AH-1W SuperCobra, that was developed for the United States Marine Corps as part of the H-1 upgrade program.The AH-1Z features a four-blade, bearingless, composite main rotor system, uprated transmission, and a new target sighting system.
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