[15] Until poor health stopped him in the 1990s, Yeltsin enjoyed swimming in icy water, and throughout his life started each day with a cold shower. On the night after Yeltsin's televised address, the Supreme Soviet declared Yeltsin removed from the presidency for breaching the constitution, and Vice-President Alexander Rutskoy was sworn in as acting president. [200] [86], On 16 September 1989, Yeltsin toured a medium-sized grocery store (Randall's) in Texas. During early discussions of this transition, Yeltsin's advisers debated issues of speed and sequencing, with an apparent division between those favouring a rapid approach and those favoring a gradual or slower approach. [191] He had an excellent memory,[194] and enjoyed reading; by 1985 his family had around 6000 volumes in their possession. [67] Also in 1978, Yeltsin was elected without opposition to the Supreme Soviet. Ryabov ensured that Yeltsin got the job despite objections that he was not a longstanding party member. He criticized his successor in December 2000 for supporting the reintroduction of the Soviet-era national anthem. At the same time, Yeltsin followed a policy of "macroeconomic stabilisation", a harsh austerity regime designed to control inflation. On 12 June 1991, Yeltsin won 57% of the popular vote in the democratic presidential elections for the Russian republic, defeating Gorbachev's preferred candidate, Nikolai Ryzhkov, who got just 16% of the vote, and four other candidates. [203] [37] Yeltsin completed his studies in June 1955. In his address, Yeltsin declared his intent to rule by decree until the election of the new parliament and a referendum on a new constitution, triggering the constitutional crisis of October 1993. By September, Gorbachev could no longer influence events outside of Moscow. [95], Within days, news of Yeltsin's actions leaked and rumours of his "secret speech" at the Central Committee spread throughout Moscow. [111] Russian commentators and even some Western economists, such as Marshall Goldman, widely blamed Yeltsin's economic programme for the country's disastrous economic performance in the 1990s. [161] In January 2001 he was hospitalized for six weeks with pneumonia resulting from a viral infection. Глупость или измена? [85], Yeltsin had a high tolerance for alcohol, and by the 1980s he was drinking alcohol at or above the average for the party elite. By 21 August most of the coup leaders had fled Moscow and Gorbachev was "rescued" from Crimea and then returned to Moscow. [167][168] According to experts quoted by Komsomolskaya Pravda, the onset of Yeltsin's condition began during his visit to Jordan between 25 March and 2 April. [96] Gorbachev called a meeting of the Moscow City Party Committee for 11 November 1987 to launch another crushing attack on Yeltsin and confirm his dismissal. [47], In March 1960, Yeltsin became a probationary member of the governing Communist Party and a full member in March 1961. A state in which the power truly does belong to the people. [195] He enjoyed listening to folk songs and pop tunes,[196] and from youth could play the iozhki spoons. Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin (Russian: Борис Николаевич Ельцин, IPA: [bɐˈrʲis nʲɪkɐˈlaɪvʲɪtɕ ˈjelʲtsɨn] (listen); 1 February 1931 – 23 April 2007) was a Russian and former Soviet politician who served as the first President of Russia from 1991 to 1999. Millions of ethnic Russians found themselves in the newly formed foreign countries. "[125] On 10 December 1991, just five days after Senator Helms had written to Yeltsin regarding American servicemen, he again wrote to Yeltsin, this time concerning Korean Air Lines Flight 007 (KAL 007) requesting information concerning possible survivors, including Georgia Congressman Larry McDonald, and their whereabouts. Internationally, Yeltsin promoted renewed collaboration with Europe and signed arms control agreements with the United States. [146] President Yeltsin resigned a few weeks later on 31 December 1999, appointing Vladimir Putin as his successor. [68] In 1979 Yeltsin and his family moved into a five-room apartment at the Working Youth Embankment in Sverdlovsk. Gorbachev phoned Yeltsin and asked him to reconsider. In the run-off on 3 July, with a turnout of 68.9%, Yeltsin won 53.8% of the vote and Zyuganov 40.7%, with the rest (5.9%) voting "against all". In February 1992, Russia's vice president, Alexander Rutskoy denounced the Yeltsin programme as "economic genocide. Secessionist sentiment in the Russian Caucasus led to the First Chechen War, War of Dagestan, and Second Chechen War between 1994 and 1999. For everything he tried to do and did do for the sake of Russia, for the sake of millions of Russians. [2] During the 1993 Russian constitutional crisis, Yeltsin ordered the unconstitutional dissolution of the Supreme Soviet parliament, which responded by attempting to remove him from office. Soon fabricated samizdat versions began to circulate – this was the beginning of Yeltsin's rise as a rebel and growth in popularity as an anti-establishment figure. The stone distributes heat for even baking and browning and the ceramics pull moisture from the outer surface of the dough for brick oven crustiness. If there was to be a dictatorial coup, would Yeltsin be its victim or its leader? A report in the Italian newspaper La Repubblica, reprinted by Pravda, reported that Yeltsin often appeared drunk in public. "[114] By 1993, conflict over the reform direction escalated between Yeltsin on the one side, and the opposition to radical economic reform in Russia's parliament on the other. This was due to the fact that ordinary people sold their vouchers for cash. He needs to be understood if we are to understand the age we inhabit". [170], Yeltsin was the first Russian head of state in 113 years to be buried in a church ceremony, after Emperor Alexander III. They also serve various kinds of pasta, salads, soups, sandwiches, and desserts. [47] Aron noted that Yeltsin could be "an inexhaustible fount of merriment, exuberance and hospitality" among his friends.[47]. "[178] Yeltsin helped to channel the aspirations of Russian nationalism in ways that did not lead to clashes with the nationalisms of other national groups within the Soviet Union. [34] During the summer 1953 break, he travelled across the Soviet Union, touring the Volga, central Russia, Belorussia, Ukraine, and Georgia; much of the travel was achieved by hitchhiking on freight trains. Classic Wooden Pizza Peel Wooden peels, like this, are superior to steel peels in that they easily slide under a pizza with less risk of causing damage to the pie itself. In late 1999, Yeltsin and U.S. President Bill Clinton openly disagreed on the war in Chechnya. An official investigation found that Yeltsin was not culpable for the accident. Commenting on this event, Yeltsin hinted that he was helped to fall by the enemies of perestroika, but his opponents suggested that he was simply drunk. Out of office, he kept a low profile, but he was accorded a state funeral following his death in April 2007. Gorbachev ordered the injured Yeltsin from his hospital bed to the Moscow party plenum two days later where he was ritually denounced by the party faithful in what was reminiscent of a Stalinist show trial before he was fired from the post of First Secretary of the Moscow Communist Party. Yeltsin said he would never forgive Gorbachev for this "immoral and inhuman" treatment.[94]. [148] In it, he praised the advances in cultural, political, and economic freedom that his administration had overseen although apologised to Russia's people for "not making many of your and my dreams come true. [89] In February 1986, Yeltsin became a candidate (non-voting) member of the Politburo. [197] He liked to give watches and other keepsakes to his employees, often as a means of motivating them to work harder. [85] Gorbachev soon promoted Yeltsin to secretary of the Central Committee for construction and capital investment, a position within the powerful CPSU Central Committee Secretariat, a move approved by the Central Committee plenum in July 1985. [75] In December 1982 he then gave a television broadcast for the region in which he responded to various letters. Wide Tapered Blade The large blade on this peel allows you to accommodate pies of any size, even up to extra-large. Ad Marginem, Head of Government of Russia as President of the Russian Federation, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Vladimir Lenin All-Union Pioneer Organization, First Secretary of the Moscow Communist Party, Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union, Learn how and when to remove this template message, 28th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, presidential elections for the Russian republic, International Civil Aviation Organization, Medal "In Commemoration of the 1000th Anniversary of Kazan", Medal "For Valiant Labour. [39] In these positions, he confronted a widespread alcoholism and a lack of motivation among construction workers, an irregular supply of materials, and the regular theft or vandalism of materials that were available. [51] In June 1963, Yeltsin was reassigned to the Sverdlovsk House-Building Combine as its head engineer,[51] and in December 1965 became the combine's director. [179] Evans compared Yeltsin's turn away from the "empire-building" of the Soviet Union to the ideas of the writer and dissident Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, who had called in the 1980s for Russia to extricate itself from the Soviet Union. [36] It was at UPI that he began a relationship with Naina Iosifovna Girina, a fellow student who would later become his wife. They added that Yeltsin presented himself as "a true working-class hero" when challenging the Soviet administration. Although restored to his position, Gorbachev had been destroyed politically. [116], On 21 September 1993, in breach of the constitution, Yeltsin announced in a televised address his decision to disband the Supreme Soviet and Congress of People's Deputies by decree. [190] Yelena then married an Aeroflot pilot, Valerii Okulov, with whom she had a second daughter, Mariya, in 1983. Initially a supporter of the perestroika reforms of Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev, Yeltsin later criticised them as being too moderate, calling for a transition to a multi-party representative democracy. [107] Economic relations between the former Soviet republics were severely compromised. [85] Yeltsin was loyal to his friends. [124], On 5 December 1991, Senator Jesse Helms, ranking member of the Minority on the U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, wrote to Yeltsin concerning U.S. servicemen who were POWs or MIAs: "The status of thousands and thousands of American servicemen who are held by Soviet and other Communist forces, and who were never repatriated after every major war this century, is of grave concern to the American people."[125]. Swiss authorities issued an international arrest warrant for Pavel Borodin, the official who managed the Kremlin's property empire. [193] He was punctual and very strict regarding the tardiness of his subordinates. [18] That month, they moved to Berezniki in Perm Krai, where Nikolai obtained work on a potash combine project. During his presidency, Russia received US$40,000,000,000 in funds from the International Monetary Fund and other international lending organisations. The Russians thought it might be a nuclear missile launched from an American submarine. Description Expires; Sale Order Online Anytime --- Sale Five Free toppings with the purchase of a large cheese pizza at regular menu price --- Sale Join the MVP Club for Exclusive Discounts --- Sale Large 1-Topping Pizzas Now $12.99 --- Sale Large 1-Topping Pizzas & Desserts Now $14.99 --- [126] For years the Soviet authorities had denied possessing these tapes. [181] Over the course of his presidency, he made increasing concessions to right-wing ethnic Russian nationalism by expressing growing concern over the fate of ethnic Russians in neighbouring countries. AGREE ON A LOAN FOR $10.2 BILLION", "The New York Times: 10.2 Billion Loan To Russia Approved", CNN Interactive: Pivotal Elections: Russian Elections; Candidates: Boris Yeltsin, "Lee Hockstader, Washington Post Foreign Service", "Where Is the IMF Money to Russia Really Going? [62], Where possible, Yeltsin tried to improve consumer welfare in the province, arguing that it would make for more productive workers. The conflict escalated soon, however, with the parliament changing its prior decision to hold a referendum. The vouchers were bought by a small group of investors. For EGGcellent pizza recipes and tips, visit BigGreenEgg.com/pizza or checkout our publication! "[176], Linking Yeltsin with "liberal Russian nationalism",[177] Alfred B. Evans described Yeltsin as having "exerted a crucial influence on the development of Russian nationalism. [69] In February 1981, Yeltsin gave a speech to the 25th CPSU Congress and on the final day of the Congress was selected to join the Communist Party Central Committee. [153], According to former Deputy Prime Minister of Russia Boris Nemtsov, the bizarre behavior of Yeltsin resulted from "strong drugs" given to him by Kremlin doctors, which were incompatible even with a small amount of alcohol. Yeltsin suffered from heart disease during his first term as President of the Russian Federation, probably continuing for the rest of his life. Reynolds tried to make excuses for him in an effort to offset his own humiliation in vainly waiting outside the plane to meet him. While this is regarded as the moment that the largest republic of the Soviet Union had seceded, this is not technically the case. Yeltsin immediately left the conference. In the early-1990s, Anatoly Chubais, Yeltsin's deputy for economic policy, emerged as a leading advocate of privatisation in Russia. [147] Polling also suggests that a majority of the Russian population were pleased by Yeltsin's resignation.[151]. Product Description. He has forgotten about that." Born in Butka, Sverdlovsk Oblast, to a peasant family, Yeltsin grew up in Kazan, Tatar ASSR. [74] In May 1981, he held a question-and-answer session with college students at the Sverdlovsk Youth Palace, where he was unusually frank in his discussion of the country's problems. The food of such a large acceptance demands a packaging that complements the product. After studying at the Ural State Technical University, he worked in construction. [127][128] The Russian government had maintained that the cause was contaminated meat. Demonstrators protested the terrible living conditions under Yeltsin. In a massive show of force, Yeltsin called up tanks to shell the Russian White House (parliament building). Thanks to the will and direct initiative of President Boris Yeltsin a new constitution, one which declared human rights a supreme value, was adopted. "Boris Yeltsin and the 1996 Russian presidential election. This 9. None of these charges received the two-thirds majority of the Duma required to initiate the process of impeachment of the president. Boris Yeltsin was born on 1 February 1931 in the village of Butka, Talitsky District, Sverdlovsk, then in the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, one of the constituent republics of the Soviet Union. TIME magazine wrote: Then, what was to be made of Boris Yeltsin? On 9 November 1987, Yeltsin apparently tried to kill himself and was rushed to hospital bleeding profusely from self-inflicted cuts to his chest. [citation needed]. [41] In June 1958 he became a senior work superintendent (starshii prorab) and in January 1960 was made head engineer (glavni inzhener) of Construction Directorate Number 13. Yeltsin transformed Russia's state socialist economy into a capitalist market economy by implementing economic shock therapy, market exchange rate of the ruble, nationwide privatization, and lifting of price controls. As a child, he sustained both a broken nose and a maimed hand, physical attributes he remained self-conscious about;[188] in public he would often conceal his left hand under the table or behind his tie. Yeltsin was demoted to the position of First Deputy Commissioner for the State Committee for Construction. Moscow Bound: Policy, Politics, and the POW/MIA Dilemma, John M. G. Brown, Veteran Press, Eureka Springs, California, US (1993), Chapter 14. [138], Yeltsin underwent emergency quintuple heart bypass surgery in November 1996, and remained in the hospital for months. fits the 2XLarge, XLarge, Large, Medium, Small and MiniMax EGGs. The attack killed 187 people and wounded almost 500 others. [131] Instead, Yeltsin changed his campaign team, assigning a key role to his daughter, Tatyana Dyachenko, and appointing Chubais as campaign manager. ... A new democratic Russia was born during his time: a free, open and peaceful country. [5] His father, Nikolai Yeltsin, had married his mother, Klavdiya Vasil'evna Starygina, in 1928. [76] This personalised approach to interacting with the public brought disapproval from some Communist Party figures, such as First Secretary of Tyumen Oblast, Gennadii Bogomyakov, although the Central Committee showed no concern. [78] The following year, Brezhnev died and was succeeded by Yuri Andropov, who in turn ruled for 15 months before his own death;[79] Yeltsin spoke positively about Andropov. [50] His career continued to progress during the early 1960s; in February 1962 he was promoted chief (nachal'nik) of the construction directorate. [144], In December, whilst visiting China to seek support on Chechnya, Yeltsin replied to Clinton's criticism of a Russian ultimatum to citizens of Grozny. The announcement followed weeks of speculation that Yeltsin was at the end of his political career because of his health problems and growing unpopularity in Russia. [94] When Gorbachev received the letter he was stunned – nobody in Soviet history had voluntarily resigned from the ranks of the Politburo. [48] In his later autobiography, he stated that his original reasons for joining were "sincere" and rooted in a genuine belief in the party's socialist ideals. Yeltsin's criticism of the Politburo and Gorbachev led to a smear campaign against him, in which examples of Yeltsin's awkward behavior were used against him. [45] During this period, they moved through a succession of apartments. [91] In August 1986, Yeltsin gave a two-hour report to the party conference in which he talked about Moscow's problems, including issues that had previously not been spoken about publicly. Michael McFaul emphasizes the range pro and con: Colton suggested that "Yeltsin leaves nobody indifferent. [11] In the years following his birth, the area was hit by the famine of 1932–33;[12] throughout his childhood, Yeltsin was often hungry. [208] Colton understood him as "a hero in history", albeit one who was "enigmatic and flawed". The subject made headlines abroad during Yeltsin's visit to the U.S. in 1989 for a series of lectures on social and political life in the Soviet Union. [clarification needed][156], According to interviews by author and historian Taylor Branch with Bill Clinton, on a 1995 visit to Washington, D.C., Yeltsin was found on Pennsylvania Avenue, drunk, in his underwear and trying to hail a taxi cab in order to find pizza. Unlike Gorbachev's reforms, which sought to expand democracy in the socialist system, the new regime aimed to completely dismantle socialism and fully implement capitalism, converting the world's largest command economy into a free-market one. [86][87], With Gorbachev's support, in December 1985, Yeltsin was installed as the first secretary of the Moscow gorkom of the CPSU. [38] He quickly rose through the organisation's ranks. Yeltsin's favourite writer was Anton Chekhov,[201] although he also enjoyed the work of Sergei Yesenin and Alexander Pushkin. By mid-1996, substantial ownership shares over major firms were acquired at very low prices by a handful of people. What seemed simple to do proved to be excruciatingly difficult. [129] Meanwhile, the opposition Communist Party had already gained ground in parliamentary voting on 17 December 1995, and its candidate, Gennady Zyuganov, had a strong grassroots organisation, especially in the rural areas and small towns, and appealed effectively to memories of the old days of Soviet prestige on the international stage and the domestic order under state socialism.[130]. His farm, which was in Basmanovo, was confiscated and he and his family were forced to reside in a cottage in nearby Butka. [73], By 1980, Yeltsin had developed the habit of appearing unannounced in factories, shops, and public transport to get a closer look at the realities of Soviet life. The incident occurred in the post-Cold War era, where many Russians were still very suspicious of the United States and NATO. In 1987 he was the first person to resign from the party's governing Politburo, establishing his popularity as an anti-establishment figure. [70] Yeltsin played along with the personality cult surrounding Brezhnev, but he was contemptuous of what he saw as the Soviet's leader's vanity and sloth. To boost his popularity, Yeltsin promised to abandon some of his more unpopular economic reforms, boost welfare spending, end the war in Chechnya, and pay wage and pension arrears. Yeltsin, in turn, announced in a televised address to the nation on 20 March 1993, that he was going to assume certain "special powers" in order to implement his programme of reforms. At the November meeting of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, Clinton pointed his finger at Yeltsin and demanded he halt bombing attacks that had resulted in many civilian casualties. On 15 May 1999, Yeltsin survived another attempt of impeachment, this time by the democratic and communist opposition in the State Duma. [209] He expressed the view that Yeltsin was part of "the global trend away from authoritarianism and statism" that occurred in the 1990s, comparing him to Nelson Mandela, Lech Wałęsa, Václav Havel and Mikhail Gorbachev. Boris Berezovsky, who controlled major stakes in several banks and the national media, emerged as one of Yeltsin's most prominent supporters. [185] Colton thought Yeltsin could be bullheaded,[186] and restless. An aide, Lev Sukhanov was reported to have said that it was at that moment that "the last vestige of Bolshevism collapsed" inside his boss. [80] Andropov was succeeded by another short-lived leader, Konstantin Chernenko. He made frequent stays at the nearby government sanatorium in Barvikha. [108] On 26 December, the Council of the Republics, the upper house of the Supreme Soviet, voted the Soviet Union out of existence, thereby ending the world's oldest, largest and most powerful Communist state. Amid the economic shift, a small number of oligarchs obtained a majority of the national property and wealth,[1] while international monopolies came to dominate the market. In an attempt to gain more power, on 12 June 1990, the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR adopted a declaration of sovereignty. [198] He disliked people swearing,[199] and when frustrated or angry, he was known to often snap pencils in his hand. [68], Yeltsin's reports to party meetings reflected the ideological conformity that was expected within the authoritarian state. On 19 July 1989, Yeltsin announced the formation of the radical pro-reform faction in the Congress of People's Deputies, the Inter-Regional Group of Deputies, and on 29 July 1989 was elected one of the five co-Chairmen of the Inter-Regional Group. [152] It was common knowledge that in early 1996 he was recuperating from a series of heart attacks and, soon after, he spent months in hospital recovering from a quintuple bypass operation (see above). Premium Bamboo Pizza Peel MADE OF BAMBOO: The healthy eating is the topic we often hear and talk about with each other in life, so we care you and your family's heath, the pizza peel is handmade of bamboo which is in high quality; Practical Usage Pizza … [123], In 1995, as Yeltsin struggled to finance Russia's growing foreign debt and gain support from the Russian business elite for his bid in the 1996 presidential elections, the Russian president prepared for a new wave of privatisation offering stock shares in some of Russia's most valuable state enterprises in exchange for bank loans. [190] fits the 2XLarge and XLarge EGGs, Pizza & Baking Stone 14″ – 401014 [191] Yeltsin was a workaholic;[192] at UPI university, he developed the habit of sleeping for only four hours at night. Compelling Product Boxes with windows entice the onlookers into buying a product. Product Description. [162] On 13 September 2004, following the Beslan school hostage crisis and nearly concurrent terrorist attacks in Moscow, Putin launched an initiative to replace the election of regional governors with a system whereby they would be directly appointed by the president and approved by regional legislatures. [156], After Yeltsin's death, a Dutch neurosurgeon, Michiel Staal, said that his team had been secretly flown to Moscow to operate on Yeltsin in 1999. [49] In other interviews he instead stated that he joined because membership was a necessity for career advancement. [27] With friends, he would go on summer walking expeditions in the adjacent taiga, sometimes for many weeks. Pizza boxes are the best packaging solution so far. Other dishes include cheesy pasta, submarine sandwiches, and an array of succulent side dishes. Yeltsin took office on 10 July, and reappointed Ivan Silayev as Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Russian SFSR. "Public opinion and the 1996 elections in Russia: Nostalgic and statist, yet pro-market and pro-Yeltsin. Corporate Headquarters:3786 DeKalb Technology ParkwayAtlanta, GA 30340Contact Us: 800.793.2292. [134], Yeltsin campaigned energetically, dispelling concerns about his health, and maintained a high media profile. His alleged alcoholism was also the subject of media discussion following his meeting with U.S. Deputy Secretary of State Strobe Talbott following Clinton's inauguration in 1993 and an incident during a flight stop-over at Shannon Airport, Ireland, in September 1994 when the waiting Irish prime minister Albert Reynolds was told that Yeltsin was unwell and would not be leaving the aircraft. Nobody in the Central Committee backed Yeltsin. Executive decree authority, by John M. Carey & Matthew Soberg. When campaigning began in early 1996, Yeltsin's popularity was close to being non-existent. [60] At the Central Committee's recommendation, the Sverdlovsk obkom then unanimously voted to appoint Yeltsin as its first secretary. The openness of Yeltsin about POW/MIA and KAL 007 matters may also have signalled his willingness for more openness to the West. On 10 September 1987, after a lecture from hard-liner Yegor Ligachyov at the Politburo for allowing two small unsanctioned demonstrations on Moscow streets, Yeltsin wrote a letter of resignation to Gorbachev who was holidaying on the Black Sea. [98] Yeltsin recovered, and started intensively criticizing Gorbachev, highlighting the slow pace of reform in the Soviet Union as his major argument. [30] Tuition was free and he was provided a small stipend to live on, which he supplemented by unloading railway trucks for a small wage. In the course of 1992, the speaker of the Russian Supreme Soviet, Ruslan Khasbulatov, came out in opposition to the reforms, despite claiming to support Yeltsin's overall goals. Joining the Communist Party, which governed the Soviet Union as a one-party state according to Marxist-Leninist doctrine, he rose through its ranks and in 1976 became First Secretary of the party's Sverdlovsk Oblast committee. The Big Green Egg Pizza & Baking Stone is a versatile piece of cookware for baking a variety of recipes from pizzas to breads to desserts. [132] In return, Chubais allowed well-connected Russian business leaders to acquire majority stakes in some of Russia's most valuable state-owned assets. [65] He was also responsible for punishing those living in the province who wrote or published material that the Soviet government considered to be seditious or damaging to the established order. [44] In August 1957, their daughter Yelena was born, followed by a second daughter, Tatyana, in January 1960. The peace deal allowed Chechnya greater autonomy but not full independence. [15] Academically, he did well at primary school and was repeatedly elected class monitor by fellow pupils. [33], Leaving the Ural Polytechnic Institute, Yeltsin was assigned to work with the Lower Iset Construction Directorate in Sverdlovsk; at his request, he served the first year as a trainee in various building trades. [158] He made a hasty withdrawal from the funeral of King Hussein of Jordan in February 1999. In August, a commentator reflected on the situation as follows: "The President issues decrees as if there were no Supreme Soviet, and the Supreme Soviet suspends decrees as if there were no President." [22] From 1945 to 1949, Yeltsin studied at the municipal secondary school number 1, also known as Pushkin High School. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Yeltsin promoted privatisation as a way of spreading ownership of shares in former state enterprises as widely as possible to create political support for his economic reforms. [178] As head of the Russian SFSR, he stressed the specific interests of the Russian republic within the broader Soviet Union. [51] During this period he was largely involved in building residential housing, the expansion of which was a major priority for the government. According to numerous reports, Yeltsin was alcohol dependent. Yeltsin released the tapes of the KAL 007's "Black Box" (its Digital Flight Data Recorder and Cockpit Voice Recorder) to the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) on 8 January 1993. [20], Between 1939 and 1945, Yeltsin received a primary education at Berezniki's Railway School Number 95. Hyperinflation, caused by the Central Bank of Russia's loose monetary policy, wiped out many people's personal savings, and tens of millions of Russians were plunged into poverty.[112][113].
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